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Biology - AS Level > Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates and ATP > Flashcards

Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates and ATP Flashcards

1
Q

In what ways do atoms bond

A

-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen

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2
Q

A covalent bond is …..

A

The sharing of outer shell electrons to form a stable molecule

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3
Q

An ionic bond is …..

A

Ions of opposite charges attract due to strong electrostatic forces
Transfer of outer shell electrons
-lose electron = positive
-gain =negative

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4
Q

A hydrogen bond is ….

A

-ve region of a polarised molecule attracts the +ve region of another molecule and a weak electrostatic bond forms

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5
Q

What is a polarised molecule

A

Molecules with uneven distribution of positive and negative charge

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6
Q

Polymerisation is….

A

Process in which polymers are formed from long chains of small molecules

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7
Q

Types of polymerisation

A
  • addition
    -condensation - main one for bio
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8
Q

The sub-unit of a polymer

A

Monomer

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9
Q

Condensation reactions

A

Polymerisation of monomer to form large chains of polymer and produces polymer and water

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10
Q

Word equation-condenstation reaction

A

Monomer + monomer -> polymer + water

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11
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

The addition of water to a polymer which produces the original monomers

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12
Q

How does this happen - hydrolytic reaction

A

Addition of water breaks down bonds between polymers

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Carbon molecules combined with water

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Another name for carbohydrate

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15
Q

What is the basic unit of carbs

A

Sugar

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16
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Sweet-tasting soluble substance

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17
Q

What is the general formula

A

(CH2O)n

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18
Q

What doe n represent

A

Any number between 3-7- carbon atoms

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19
Q

3 types of monosaccharide

A

-glucose (C6H1206)- in liver and skeletal muscles
-galactose (C6H1206)
-fructose (C6H1206)- present in liver synthesis of fat

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20
Q

What are each of the monosaccharides in relation to one and other

A

Structural isomers

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21
Q

What are structural isomers

A

Same number of atoms however they are arranged differently so they ave different properties

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22
Q

2 types of glucose

A

Alpha and beta OR a-glucose and b-glucose

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23
Q

Rule for alpha

A

OH
Bottom bottom top bottom

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24
Q

Rule for beta

A

OH
Top bottom top bottom

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25
Test for reducing sugar
Add 2cm^3 food sample to a test tube - if not in liquid form then add water Add equal volume of Benedict’s reagent -copper II sulphate,sodium carbonate,sodium citrate Shake and boil in water bath for 5 mins Positive result is blue to brick red
26
Result sequence
Blue- green -orange- brick red
27
Why does the colour change in benedicts occur
Benedict’s reagent is alkaline so forms insoluble precipitate of cooper (1) which brick red upon heating
28
What is a disaccharide
Pair of monosaccharides
29
What is the bond that is formed in a condensation reaction of a disaccharide
Glycosidic bond
30
What does glyco mean
Sugar
31
Give 3 disaccharides
-glucose + glucose = maltose -glucose +fructose = sucrose -glucose + galactose = lactose
32
Test for non-reducing sugars
Test for reducing Then if not then add 2cm^3 of food sample to 2 cm^3 HCLand boil for 5 min - this will hydrolyse disaccharide into monosaccharide eg glucose Slowly add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise - add universal indicator as it will not work with alkaline Benedict’s Then add 2cm^3 Benedict’s - colour change blue to brick red
33
What is a polysaccharide
Polymers formed from many small monosaccharides
34
What is its uses-starch
Insoluble - good for storage
35
An example of a polysaccharide
Starch
36
Test for starch
2cm^3 in test tube Add two drops of iodine (yellow/orange colour) and shake/stir Positive result - indicated by blue - black colouration
37
What is starch
A polysaccharide
38
What is it made of - starch
Alpha-glucose
39
What is its structure - starch
-20% -amylose - long unbranched chains in a helical structure -80% -amylopectin - branched chains
40
Where does starch occur
Plants
41
What is the function of starch
It is used as an energy store
42
What is starch’s general form
Grain
43
What are the properties of starch
-compact- so lots can be stored in a small space -insoluble- doesn’t affect water potential so water isn’t drawn in cells by osmosis -large - does not diffuse out of cells -easily hydrolysed to alpha glucose for respiration -branched form- many ends so can be acted on by enzymes and released rapidly
44
What is glycogen made of
Alpha glucose
45
Where does glycogen occur
Animals
46
What is the nature of glycogen
-highly branched short chains -more branched than starch
47
What are the properties of glycogen
-insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential -ends can be acted on by enzymes -lots of shot chains so can be easily hydrolysed back alpha glucose
48
Why do animals require glycogen
Animals need to release energy quicker, so more can be hydrolysed into glucose
49
What is glycogen used for
Major carb energy store
50
What is glycogens general form
Small granules
51
What is the monomer of cellulose
Beta glucose
52
What is it’s form- cellulose
-straight unbranched chains -these run parallel -hydrogen bonds form between the chains as cross linkages
53
Where does cellulose occur
Plant
54
What is the function of cellulose
-Strength for cell walls -structural functions
55
What is the form of cellulose
Fibres Chains form microfibrils and these for macro fibrils and these form the cellulose fibres
56
Properties of cellulose
-strong chains cause the cellulose to provide strength to the cells walls -hydrogen bonds in mass are very strong -prevents cell bursting due to osmosis- this keeps it in the turgid state
57
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
58
why is ATP easily transported
it is a small and soluble water molecule
59
how does it release energy-ATP
by breaking one of the end phosphate bonds- this releases lots of energy which does not damage the cell
60
how much energy is released via ATP
33kJ
61
what is then produced-ATP
ADP and a phosphate group
62
what is the ADP used for
It is a low energy source mainly used in storage
63
what is the energy used for by ATP
Immediate work in cellular respiration and other metabolic reactions
64
what is the enzyme used to break down ATP
ATpase
65
how is ATP made from ADP
via the synthesis of the phosphate group in a condensation reaction
66
how is ATP produced in cellular repiration
-substrate-level phosphorylation -oxidative phosphorylation

Biology - AS Level (17 decks)

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