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Bis 2B > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproducing isolated form others

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2
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

A species is a group of organisms that have similar physical traits

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3
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

A species is a group of oganisms that shares a common ancestor and can be distringuished from other organisms by particular traits

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4
Q

What are the pros and cons for the biological s.c.?

A

PROS: simple, based in HW concepts
CONS: doesn’t apply to all organisms, don’t always have mating data, complex mating systems

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5
Q

What are the pros and cons for the morphological s.c.?

A

PROS: good for groups where data is limited
CONS: similarity and difference in appearance can be misleading (convergent evolution)

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6
Q

What are the pros and cons for the phylogenetic s.c.?

A

PROS: includes historical/evolutionary context, applies to all organisms
CONS: requires modern genetic data and tools

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7
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Having more than two sets of chromosomes (3n)

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8
Q

How does polyploidy influence reproductive isolation and speciation?

A

Polyploids are usually sterile due to their odd number of chromosomes, but in some instances can mate with other polyploids

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9
Q

How does speciation occur through allopatry through vicariance?

A

A physical/geological barrier separates a population into two roughly even halves and if it comes back together it will be to different to interbreed

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10
Q

How does speciation occur through allopatry through the founder effect?

A

A small group branches off and comes back to different to join the pre-existing population

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11
Q

How does speciation occur through parapatry?

A

A group has selective pressures within a populaion leading to changes (usually on the edge of the population)

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12
Q

How does speciation occur through sympatry?

A

Two populations diverge within each other usually caused by a mutation that increases in frequency through the population

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13
Q

What is evolutionary radiation?

A

Occurs when rapid speciation results in a burst of new species from a single ancestor

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14
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Occurs when this radiation results in species adapted to a particular environment and filling different ecological niches
(EX: honey creeper bill specialization in Hawaii)

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15
Q

What is gametic isolation?

A

Sperm can’t fertilize egg

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16
Q

What is behavioral isolation?

A

Don’t recognize other mates

17
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

Physically different in sex organs

18
Q

What is habitat isolation?

A

Occupt different habitats or different parts of the same habitat

19
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

Different breeding times (season)

20
Q

What is reduced hybrid inviability?

A

Hybrid offspring don’t complete development of have low survivorship

21
Q

What is reduced hybrid fertility?

A

Hybrid offspring are viable, but sterile

22
Q

What is hybrid breakdown?

A

Hybrid offspring are viable and fertile, but subsequent offspring are inviable/sterile

23
Q

What is a post-zygotic barrier?

A

Prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult

24
Q

What is a pre-zygotic barrier?

A

Prevent mating or prevent fertilization

25
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A graphical depiction of the history of relationships among a group of organisms

26
Q

How does speciation affect a phylogenetic tree?

A

Creates new branches, new lineages

27
Q

How does extinction affect a phylogenetic tree?

A

Removes branches, loss lineages

28
Q

What is a monophyletic clade?

A

A group that includes ALL of the taxa descended from a specific common ancestor

29
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

It evolves due to a population diverging (violations in HWE)
Outcomes include reinforcement, fusion, and stability

30
Q

How does sexual dimorphism affect the rate of speciation?

A

When the female and male look different, it increases the rate of speciation

31
Q

How does dispersal ability affect the rate of speciation?

A

A higher dispersal ability decreases the speciation rate.

32
Q

How does specialization affect the rate of speciation?

A

Specialization drives divergence and increases the speciation rates.

33
Q

What is allopolyploidy?

A

The polyploid carries the combined genome of 2 separated species

34
Q

What is autopolyploidy?

A

The polyploid carries the duplicated genome of a single species

Bis 2B (8 decks)

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