Speciation Flashcards
Define species
the smallest evolutionary independent unit
What are the 3 species concepts
- biological SC
- morphospecies C
- phylogenetic SC
Define the biological species concept
defining species as groups that can interbreed and produce viable offspring and are reproductively isolated from other groups
strength of BSC
strength = confirms lack of gene flow
limitations of BSC
- assumes sexual reproduction
- in allopatric populations
Define morphospecies concept
defining species based on morphological differences
what are strengths of morphospecies concept
- can be sex or asexual
- can be living or extinct
what are limitations of morphospecies concept (4)
- may consist of arbitrary designations, may have some disagreement
- fossils, the difference in colour and soft tissue
- does not work well for bacteria or archea (all small round species)
- cryptic species - that have no morphological difference, but cannot reproduce
Define phylogenetic species concept
defining species by identifying the smallest monophyletic group in a phylogeny of a closely related population/species
Strength of PSC
strengths = can be applied to many groups
limitation of PSC
varies if looking at gene tree vs. species tree
What are the 2 categories for the tempo of speciation
- gradualism model
- punctuated equilibrium model
define gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium models
gradualism = small changes building over time leading to separation in speciation
punctuated = everything stays the same until sudden extreme changes occur and cause speciation
What are the 3 simple steps to forming a species
- populations become isolated
- traits diverge
- reproductive isolation (could not reproduce IF brought back together)
What are the 2 categories in which population isolation can occur
- allopatric model
- sympatric model