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Biology Exam 3 > Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells & Renewal > Flashcards

Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells & Renewal Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of stem cells

A

can divide w/o limits
ability to renew self
not differentiated

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2
Q

daughters of stem cells

A

typically
1 remains a stem cell
1 differentiates

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3
Q

developmental capacity of stem cells

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

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4
Q

totipotency

A

ability of a cell to give rise to all cells in an organism

gives rise to pluripotent cells

cells of the zygote

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5
Q

pluripotency

A

ability of a cell to give rise to any embryonic cell of the 3 germ layers

gives rise to multipotent cells

embryonic stem cells

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6
Q

multipotent

A

ability of a cell to give rise to any cell w/in their given lineage

adult stem cells

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7
Q

pluripotent cells

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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8
Q

a constant pool of stem cells is maintained by 2 processes

A

asymmetric division

independent choice

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9
Q

asymmetric division

A

division into 2 unequal cells
1 has ability to stay stem cell

other must differentiate

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10
Q

limitation of asymmetric division theory

A

does not explain how stem cells can rapidly increase their numbers

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11
Q

independent choice

A

division into 2 equal cells

but environment influences whether they stem, 1 or both differentiate

differentiation based upon need

can explain rapid increase of stem cell population

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12
Q

founder stem cells

A

stem cells w/ unlimited division ability

every area of body gets a finite number of founders

controlled by short range signals

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13
Q

founder stem cell division

A

into
1 founder stem cell
1 transient amplifying cell

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14
Q

transient amplifying cell

A

a stem cell that has a finite # of divisions before they must differentiate

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15
Q

transient = ?

A

inbetween a stem cell and differentiated cell

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16
Q

stem cell niche

A

area w/ stem cell promoting environment to stay a stem cell

once cell leaves it must differentiate

requires intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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17
Q

common niche for stem cells

A

basal layer
stem cells in contact w/ basal lamina

once lose contact = differentiation

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18
Q

epidermis characteristics

A

outer skin
water barrier
made of epi cells
continuously repaired and renewed every month

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19
Q

dermis characteristics

A 
below epidermis
rich in collagen
provides toughness
nerves and BVs
has 2 layers
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20
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary layer - loose elastic CT

reticular layer - dense irregular CT

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21
Q

hypodermis

A

fatty subcutaneous layer

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22
Q

extracellular matrix of skin in secreted by ?

A

fibroblasts

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23
Q

skin - macrophages and dendritic cells

A

provide immune defense via phagocytosis

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24
Q

skin - lymphocytes

A

provide immune responses

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25
cells of epidermis
stratified layers of keratinocytes
26
basal cell layer
attached to basal lamina | stem cell layer
27
prickle cell layer
have desmosomes that attach tufts of keratin filaments
28
granular cell layer
- -seal together cells to form a waterproof barrier | - -forms boundary between inner metabolically active layers and outer dead layers
29
squame
outer layer of skin flat, dead, keratinized cells called keratinocytes
30
layers of the epidermis
squame granular cell layer prickle cell layer basal cell layer
31
differentiation of epidermal stem cells
- -as rise from basal layer to squame they differentiate into cells of each layer - -contact w/ basal lamina is what keeps them stem cells
32
process of keratinization
loss of nucleus and organelles cell filled w/ keratin depends on partial activation of apoptotic machinery
33
proliferative potential of stem cells
directly correlates w/ expression of B1 subunit of integrin
34
integrins help mediate
adhesion of basal layer to basal lamina
35
factors that govern epidermal renewal
1. rate of stem cell division 2. probability of 1 cell staying a stem cell 3. transient amplifying cell rate of division 4. timing of exit
36
epidermal renewal - timing of exit
from basal layer time to differentiate time to reach top time to slough off
37
overactivation of hedgehog pathway
makes cell continue to divide even after exiting basal layer
38
deficit of hedgehog
loss of sebaceous glands | which are important for hair growth and health
39
up-regulation of Wnt signaling
causes extra hair follicles to develop | gives rise to tumors
40
loss of Wnt
failure of hair follicles to develop | baldness
41
notch signaling
restricts size of stem cell population lateral inhibition causes neighbors of stem cells to become transient
42
TGFB in epidermal signaling
plays key role in repair of skin wounds promotes formation of scar tissue
43
areas of special sensory epithelium
nose ears eyes
44
sensory cells present in the epithelium act as ______, converting sensory stimuli into ______ form, which is then routed to the ___ .
transducers electrical form cns
45
describe the apical and basal ends of sensory cells
apical ends have special machinery to detects and convert signals into membrane potential basal end makes synapse w/ neurons to relay info to brain centers
46
photoreceptors
rods -- low light/night vision cones -- color vision, smaller than rods
47
auditory receptors have specialized ____ cells that vibrate from ______ signals or move from changes in ?
hair cells vibrate from sound move from changes in head position
48
olfactory neurons
- -sandwiched between support cells - -axons reach directly to olfactory bulb in brain - -apical ends have modified cilia **have a basal cell layer of stem cells to regenerate every month
49
olfactory neurons are _____ neurons w/ ______ facing the external environment and have ?
bipolar | dendrites that have tiny hair-like cilia that extend into the nasal cavity
50
olfactory neuron axon travel along the _____ ______ to get to the ?
olfactory nerve | to olfactory bulb in brain
51
significance of cilia on olfactory apical domains
they have odorant receptor proteins G protein coupled receptors each cell can respond to 1 class of odorant
52
how do proteins recognize different smells?
receptors recognize structural features of the odorant
53
activation of an olfactory receptor
- -odorant binds - -intracell G protein activated (Golf) - -it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
54
what is the significance of cAMP production
it causes the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane resulting in an influx of Ca and Na causing cell to depolarize and AP generated
55
olfactory action potentials are relayed to the olfactory bulb, but specifically to relay stations in the bulb called ?
glomeruli several glomeruli make up the bulb 1 on each side of brain
56
olfactory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor can be located in _______ parts of the nasal cavity but ?
different parts but their axons will still converge together on the same glomerulus
57
Parkinson's disease and sense of smell
reduced sense of smell occurs before clinical symptoms arise by almost ten years
58
Alzheimer's disease and sense of smell
severity of disease is directly correlated w/ degree of loss of smell
59
location of stem cells in the brain
ventricles of forebrain | hippocampus
60
stem cells located in the ventricles of the forebrain migrate to the ?
olfactory bulb differentiate into olfactory neurons
61
the hippocampus is involved in ?
learning | memory formation
62
plasticity of adult brain
about 1400 new neurons made per day 1.75% turnover rate of entire neuron population per year
63
experimental evidence of neural stem cells
findings of neurospheres (neural stem cells) grouped into clusters differentiate into neurons or glial cells when needed
64
hippocampus stem cells implanted in the olfactory bulb give rise to ?
neurons that become correctly involved in olfactory bulb
65
planaria regeneration
fresh water flatworm can regenerate entire organism from just one cell 20% of body = stem cells
66
neoblasts
undifferentiated cells among differentiated cells = planaria stem cells
67
newt limb regeneration
- -can regenerate a severed limb in 25 days | - -differentiated cells in the stump can un-differentiate back into stem cells to regrow the limb

Biology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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