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Biology Exam 3 > Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells & Renewal > Flashcards

Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells & Renewal Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of stem cells

A

can divide w/o limits
ability to renew self
not differentiated

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2
Q

daughters of stem cells

A

typically
1 remains a stem cell
1 differentiates

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3
Q

developmental capacity of stem cells

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

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4
Q

totipotency

A

ability of a cell to give rise to all cells in an organism

gives rise to pluripotent cells

cells of the zygote

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5
Q

pluripotency

A

ability of a cell to give rise to any embryonic cell of the 3 germ layers

gives rise to multipotent cells

embryonic stem cells

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6
Q

multipotent

A

ability of a cell to give rise to any cell w/in their given lineage

adult stem cells

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7
Q

pluripotent cells

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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8
Q

a constant pool of stem cells is maintained by 2 processes

A

asymmetric division

independent choice

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9
Q

asymmetric division

A

division into 2 unequal cells
1 has ability to stay stem cell

other must differentiate

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10
Q

limitation of asymmetric division theory

A

does not explain how stem cells can rapidly increase their numbers

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11
Q

independent choice

A

division into 2 equal cells

but environment influences whether they stem, 1 or both differentiate

differentiation based upon need

can explain rapid increase of stem cell population

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12
Q

founder stem cells

A

stem cells w/ unlimited division ability

every area of body gets a finite number of founders

controlled by short range signals

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13
Q

founder stem cell division

A

into
1 founder stem cell
1 transient amplifying cell

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14
Q

transient amplifying cell

A

a stem cell that has a finite # of divisions before they must differentiate

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15
Q

transient = ?

A

inbetween a stem cell and differentiated cell

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16
Q

stem cell niche

A

area w/ stem cell promoting environment to stay a stem cell

once cell leaves it must differentiate

requires intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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17
Q

common niche for stem cells

A

basal layer
stem cells in contact w/ basal lamina

once lose contact = differentiation

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18
Q

epidermis characteristics

A

outer skin
water barrier
made of epi cells
continuously repaired and renewed every month

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19
Q

dermis characteristics

A 
below epidermis
rich in collagen
provides toughness
nerves and BVs
has 2 layers
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20
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary layer - loose elastic CT

reticular layer - dense irregular CT

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21
Q

hypodermis

A

fatty subcutaneous layer

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22
Q

extracellular matrix of skin in secreted by ?

A

fibroblasts

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23
Q

skin - macrophages and dendritic cells

A

provide immune defense via phagocytosis

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24
Q

skin - lymphocytes

A

provide immune responses

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25
Q

cells of epidermis

A

stratified layers of keratinocytes

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26
Q

basal cell layer

A

attached to basal lamina

stem cell layer

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27
Q

prickle cell layer

A

have desmosomes that attach tufts of keratin filaments

28
Q

granular cell layer

A
  • -seal together cells to form a waterproof barrier

- -forms boundary between inner metabolically active layers and outer dead layers

29
Q

squame

A

outer layer of skin
flat, dead, keratinized cells

called keratinocytes

30
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

squame
granular cell layer
prickle cell layer
basal cell layer

31
Q

differentiation of epidermal stem cells

A
  • -as rise from basal layer to squame they differentiate into cells of each layer
  • -contact w/ basal lamina is what keeps them stem cells
32
Q

process of keratinization

A

loss of nucleus and organelles
cell filled w/ keratin

depends on partial activation of apoptotic machinery

33
Q

proliferative potential of stem cells

A

directly correlates w/ expression of B1 subunit of integrin

34
Q

integrins help mediate

A

adhesion of basal layer to basal lamina

35
Q

factors that govern epidermal renewal

A
  1. rate of stem cell division
  2. probability of 1 cell staying a stem cell
  3. transient amplifying cell rate of division
  4. timing of exit
36
Q

epidermal renewal - timing of exit

A

from basal layer
time to differentiate
time to reach top
time to slough off

37
Q

overactivation of hedgehog pathway

A

makes cell continue to divide even after exiting basal layer

38
Q

deficit of hedgehog

A

loss of sebaceous glands

which are important for hair growth and health

39
Q

up-regulation of Wnt signaling

A

causes extra hair follicles to develop

gives rise to tumors

40
Q

loss of Wnt

A

failure of hair follicles to develop

baldness

41
Q

notch signaling

A

restricts size of stem cell population

lateral inhibition causes neighbors of stem cells to become transient

42
Q

TGFB in epidermal signaling

A

plays key role in repair of skin wounds

promotes formation of scar tissue

43
Q

areas of special sensory epithelium

A

nose
ears
eyes

44
Q

sensory cells present in the epithelium act as ______, converting sensory stimuli into ______ form, which is then routed to the ___ .

A

transducers
electrical form
cns

45
Q

describe the apical and basal ends of sensory cells

A

apical ends have special machinery to detects and convert signals into membrane potential

basal end makes synapse w/ neurons to relay info to brain centers

46
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods – low light/night vision

cones – color vision, smaller than rods

47
Q

auditory receptors have specialized ____ cells that vibrate from ______ signals or move from changes in ?

A

hair cells
vibrate from sound
move from changes in head position

48
Q

olfactory neurons

A
  • -sandwiched between support cells
  • -axons reach directly to olfactory bulb in brain
  • -apical ends have modified cilia

**have a basal cell layer of stem cells to regenerate every month

49
Q

olfactory neurons are _____ neurons w/ ______ facing the external environment and have ?

A

bipolar

dendrites that have tiny hair-like cilia that extend into the nasal cavity

50
Q

olfactory neuron axon travel along the _____ ______ to get to the ?

A

olfactory nerve

to olfactory bulb in brain

51
Q

significance of cilia on olfactory apical domains

A

they have odorant receptor proteins

G protein coupled receptors

each cell can respond to 1 class of odorant

52
Q

how do proteins recognize different smells?

A

receptors recognize structural features of the odorant

53
Q

activation of an olfactory receptor

A
  • -odorant binds
  • -intracell G protein activated (Golf)
  • -it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
54
Q

what is the significance of cAMP production

A

it causes the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane

resulting in an influx of Ca and Na

causing cell to depolarize and AP generated

55
Q

olfactory action potentials are relayed to the olfactory bulb, but specifically to relay stations in the bulb called ?

A

glomeruli

several glomeruli make up the bulb

1 on each side of brain

56
Q

olfactory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor can be located in _______ parts of the nasal cavity but ?

A

different parts

but their axons will still converge together on the same glomerulus

57
Q

Parkinson’s disease and sense of smell

A

reduced sense of smell occurs before clinical symptoms arise

by almost ten years

58
Q

Alzheimer’s disease and sense of smell

A

severity of disease is directly correlated w/ degree of loss of smell

59
Q

location of stem cells in the brain

A

ventricles of forebrain

hippocampus

60
Q

stem cells located in the ventricles of the forebrain migrate to the ?

A

olfactory bulb

differentiate into olfactory neurons

61
Q

the hippocampus is involved in ?

A

learning

memory formation

62
Q

plasticity of adult brain

A

about 1400 new neurons made per day

1.75% turnover rate of entire neuron population per year

63
Q

experimental evidence of neural stem cells

A

findings of neurospheres (neural stem cells)
grouped into clusters

differentiate into neurons or glial cells when needed

64
Q

hippocampus stem cells implanted in the olfactory bulb give rise to ?

A

neurons that become correctly involved in olfactory bulb

65
Q

planaria regeneration

A

fresh water flatworm

can regenerate entire organism from just one cell

20% of body = stem cells

66
Q

neoblasts

A

undifferentiated cells among differentiated cells

= planaria stem cells

67
Q

newt limb regeneration

A
  • -can regenerate a severed limb in 25 days

- -differentiated cells in the stump can un-differentiate back into stem cells to regrow the limb

Biology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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