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Biology Exam 3 > Development of Organisms > Flashcards

Development of Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

4 phases of embryo development

A

proliferation
specialization
interaction
mvt

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2
Q

zygote

A

divides rapidly into many small cells

these cells depend on the egg yolk for food

inactive genome

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3
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

undergoes massive rearrangements to become = gastrula

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4
Q

gastrula

A

has the 3 embryonic germ layers

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5
Q

germ layers

A

ectoderm - external
mesoderm
endoderm - internal

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6
Q

fertilization progression of growth

A

fertilization
zygote
blastula
gastrula

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7
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system

epidermis

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

muscles

CT

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9
Q

endoderm

A

gut
liver
lung
insides

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10
Q

development decisions are made?

A

long before the outward appearance begins to change

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11
Q

determined cells

A

cells that are fated to be one type of cell

despite any environmental changes

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12
Q

completely undetermined cells

A

cells that change when the environment changes

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13
Q

committed cells

A

cells that attributes of a cell type but can change if environment changes

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14
Q

positional values

A

before having their fate determined cells express genetic markers of their location

p value is the position specific character of a cell

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15
Q

instructions for multicellular organisms is contained in ?

A

non-coding regulatory DNA

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16
Q

____ sequences in DNA are similar in most organisms

A

coding sequences

it is the non-coding areas that make us unique

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17
Q

asymmetric division

A

division resulting in 2 unequal daughter cells

such that one could remain a stem cell while other must differentiate

or simply one gets a bunch of nutrients and the other doesn’t

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18
Q

symmetric division

A

cells are born the exact same but become different due to their specific environmental needs

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19
Q

most important environmental cues

A

signals from neighbors

these signals could be short or long range

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20
Q

morphogens

A

long range inductive signals

that can exert gradient effects

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21
Q

morphogens on/off system

A

require an inhibitor to bind in order to turn off

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22
Q

morphogen gradient formation

A

localized production of an inducer or inhibitor

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23
Q

morphogen inducer

A

diffuses away from source exerting an inducing gradient effect

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24
Q

morphogen inhibitor production

A

an inhibitor signal produced that diffuses away given a gradient effect of inhibiting inducer signals

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25
Q

positive feedback/lateral inhibition

A

positive feedback amplifies effect of signals
and
is irreversible once started

even if blocking signals are present it is irrelevant

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26
Q

lateral inhibition

A

delta notch

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27
Q

combinatorial control

A

response of a cell to signals may differ based on what types of signals are present at that time

combinations create variety

28
Q

cell memory

A

effect of a signal depends on previous experiences of the cell

its past may have altered it in some way that now effects how it responds to a signal

29
Q

sequential induction

A

different pathways are induced in sequence by formation of different types of signals

ex. a creates b, b creates c, etc.

30
Q

delta notch signaling

A

neighbor cell inducing differentiation of its neighbors

delta protein is TM
binds to neighbor receptor ‘notch’
inducing a change in that cell

31
Q

RTK signaling path

A

ligand and receptor families
EGF
FGF
Eph

32
Q

TGFB superfamily signaling pathway

A

TGFB
BMP
nodal

33
Q

Wnt signaling path

A

Wnt

frizzled

34
Q

hedgehog signaling path

A

hedgehog

patched, smoothened

35
Q

Notch signaling path

A

delta

notch

36
Q

common signaling pathways summary

A

pathway names are related to the names of their families

everything else is TGFB

37
Q

phase 1 - neural development

A

synthesis of neurons and glial cells

origin of cells = ectoderm

38
Q

phase 2 - neural development

A

outgrowth and synapse creation

axons are growing out to make connections

39
Q

phase 2 - neural development overview

A
  1. begin w/ immature neuron
  2. growth cones move
  3. growth cones reach target
  4. target cells release neurotropic factors
40
Q

immature neuron

A

cell body w/ indistinguishable dendrites/axons

41
Q

growth cones

A

the outward growing of dendrites and axons

each has their own cone

one begins to move faster than the others = axon

42
Q

axon growth cone

A

a cone begins to move faster than the others = axon

then develops axon specific proteins

43
Q

growth cone mvt

A

via filopodia and lamelopodia

by using actin filament remodeling

44
Q

control of growth cone mvt

A

Rho and Rac control the actin remodeling in 2 ways

  1. extracell matrix
  2. chemotactic factors
45
Q

extracellular matrix growth cone control

A

matrix is sensed by receptors on growth cone

46
Q

laminin

A

promotes growth cone mvt

47
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

inhibits growth cone mvt

48
Q

chemotactic factors - progression

A
  1. netrin is secreted
  2. slit is secreted
  3. growth cone becomes sensitive to semaphorin
49
Q

netrin

A

1st secreted by cells on the floor plate

TRPC receptor on growth cone binds to netrin

50
Q

netrin binding results

A

causes Ca channels to open
influx of Ca
causing growth cone to continue to move

51
Q

slit

A

2ndly secreted after netrin
by midline cells
‘roundabout’ receptor on growth cone binds slit

52
Q

slit binding results

A

slit repels growth cone mvt away from midline

53
Q

result of secretion of netrin and slit

A

growth cone is now sensitive to semaphorin

54
Q

semaphorin

A

secreted by peripheral body

repels growth cone mvt away from it

resulting in growth cone having narrow path for mvt

55
Q

results of chemotactic factors

A

the growth cone now only has a narrow path to move down to reach its target

helps direct the cone in the right direction

56
Q

once the growth cone reaches its target ?

A

the target cells must release neurotropic factors

57
Q

neurotropic factors

A

required for a neuron to survive once reached its target

~50% of neurons die off due to not getting factors from target

58
Q

effects of neurotropic factors

A

short term – help the growth cone

long term – required for survival of neuron

59
Q

NGF

A

nerve growth factors
bind to TrkA receptors on growth cones

to promote survival of specific neurons

60
Q

phase 3 - neural development

A

remodeling thru life
continues thru adult life

creating new synapses from learning

61
Q

phase 3 depends on

A

electrical acitivity and synaptic signaling

62
Q

synaptic signaling

A

an external event that causes at least 2 neurons to be activated at the same time

63
Q

synaptic remodeling

A

response to activation of 2 or more neurons

Ca influx thru NMDA receptors
dendrite spines are remodeled

64
Q

NMDA receptor

A

glutamate receptors on dendrites

allowing influx of Ca

which causes transcriptional factors to be turned on to result in physical changes of synapse

65
Q

neurons that fire together

A

wire together

Biology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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