Apoptosis Flashcards
what is apoptosis?
programmed cell death brought about by external or internal signals
needed for development into adult forms
characteristics of apoptosis
- -cell shrinks
- -loss of CAMS
- -cytoskeleton collapses
cytochrome C
released from mito
marker for apoptosis
DNA cleavage in apoptosis
cleaved at linker DNA between nucleosomes by endonuclease
caspases
proteases that mediate an intracellular proteolytic cascade to cause apoptosis
cysteine in active site
caspases target
target proteins and cleave them where Asp acid residues occur
procaspases
caspases are first synthesized as these = inactive form
activation of procaspases
protease cleaves these
which transforms them into caspases
caspases then also activate procaspases
procaspase cleavage
are cleaved at a specific site to create and small and large subunit
which them form a heterodimer w/ a different cleaved procaspase = active caspase
2 major caspases
initiator caspase
executioner caspase
initiator caspase
–initiates death
–caspase -8 and -10
can self activate
executioner caspase
destroys targets to induce death
caspase -3
cleaves downstream proteins, inactive endonuclease, targeting cytoskeleton and CAMs
caspase cascade
- -irreversible once started
- -some caspases are needed for life and if gone, fetus will die
- -machinery for apoptosis is always present
there are 2 pathways that depend on factors to induce apoptosis
extrinsic path
intrinsic path
mito dependence of the 2 pathways
extrinsic - mito independent
intrinsic - dependent
extrinsic pathway
death receptors
- -survival factors are removed
- -death signals bind
death receptor domains
3 domains
- extracell binding d
- TM d
- intracell death d
receptors are homotrimers - 3 proteins of tumor necrosis family