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oral histology > specialized mucosa and taste > Flashcards

specialized mucosa and taste Flashcards

1
Q

body mucosa of the tongue

A

BA1

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2
Q

root mucsoa of the tongue

A

BA3

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3
Q

keratinization of tongue mucosa

A

Eptilium mostly keratinzied except for key locations

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4
Q

lamina propria of tongue

A

flexible

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5
Q

submucosa of tongue

A

No submucosa

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6
Q

surface of tongue

A

Numerous papillae with a rough surface

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7
Q

what are the papillae of the tongue

A

some Taste buds

otheres inneratved by somatosensory nerve ending

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8
Q

is sensation confined to the tongue

A

No

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9
Q

separates the root from the body of the tongue

A

TErmainal sulcus

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10
Q

fibers for touch for oral mucosa

A

Ab and A delta fibers

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11
Q

fibers for warm of oral mucosa

A

C fibers

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12
Q

fibers for cooling of oral mucosa

A

A delta

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13
Q

fibers for pain of oral mucosa

A

A delta and C fibers

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14
Q

Cranial nerve for sensation of anterior mouth

A

CN V

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15
Q

Cranial nerve for senstion of posterior tongue and pharynx

A

CN IX

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16
Q

taste bud cranial nerves

A

CN VII, IX, X

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17
Q

what makes up Flavor

A

Taste
Olfactory
Oral Somatosensory (temp, texture, spice)

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18
Q

what parts of flavor are well fused

A

taste and olfactory components

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19
Q

how is the olfactory epithlium stimulated

A

volatile molecules from food stimulated the olfactory epithium via orthonasal and retronasal

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20
Q

what part of olfaction is very important for food flavor

A

Retronasal (through the back of the mouth/pharynx)

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21
Q

do taste and olfactory senses use the same never

A

No use separate cranial nerves

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22
Q

where do Taste and Olfaction interact

A

extesnively in the CNS especailly the primary qustatory corte (insula)

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23
Q

Hypergeusia

A

Heightened sensastion of taste (V. rare)

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24
Q

Hypogeusia

A

Reduced sensastion of taste

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25
Q

Ageusia

A

No sensation of taste (V. rare)

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26
Q

parageusia

A

Incorrect taste sensation

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27
Q

Dysgeusia

A

change in taste quality

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28
Q

phantogeusia

A

taste in the absence of stimulus

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29
Q

How often do people self report problems with taste or flavor

A

about 18% most think they have taste flavor loss at age 25

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30
Q

what part of sensing flavor is common

A

Olfactory deficits are more common than Hypo or Ageusia (less common)
alfactory alone most
then olfactory and taste
taste alone

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31
Q

what are the greatest causes of taste loss

A 
Idiopathic (unknown)
Post-traumatic (after injury)
Post-operative (after surgery)
post-infection
medical disease/cause
Chemical
but most are unknown cause of taste loss
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32
Q

function of the taste system

A

Detect chemicals in food

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33
Q

why is taste important

A

distinuish nutrients and non-nutritive substance
distinguish different nutrients
detects harmful substances - poison, caustic chem

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34
Q

classse of taste receptors detect

A

detect different classes of stimuli

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35
Q

different quality that we can taste

A 
sugars (sweet)
amino acid (umami)
salts (salty)
acids (sour)
varied, alkaloids, purine base, glycosides (bitter)
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36
Q

what does the sensation of spiciness come from

A 
NOT taste
but pain (TRP receptors)
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37
Q

recetpor for chilis

A

TRPV1

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38
Q

Receptors for garlic

A

TRPA1

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39
Q

what makes up a taste bud

A

a goblet shapped cluster of 40-60 cells

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40
Q

Orientation of taste bud

A

TAste pore opens up into a lummer with nerve fibers comming out the other size

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41
Q

where does the taste bud extend from

A

BAsal lamina to the surface

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42
Q

where is the location of taste recetpors

A

Microvilli of the cells

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43
Q

the opeing to the lumen to the thetaste bud

A

Taste pore

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44
Q

where are the afferents of the taste bud

A

Primary afferent fibers at base where bud cells make synapses with these fibers

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45
Q

number of taste buds

A

8000

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46
Q

where are taste buds located

A

68% on tongue
27% on pharynx and larynx
5% on soft palate

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47
Q

what lingual papillae are taste buds associated with

A

foliate papillae (side of tonue)
Circumvallate ( big ones on the connection between root and body of tongue)
Fungiform papilla

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48
Q

where are fungiform papillae

A

on the dorasl anterior of tongue (BA1)

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49
Q

what innervates the fungiform papilae

A

by chorda tympani brnach of VII (BA2)

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50
Q

taste bud bumber of fungiform papilllae

A

1600

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51
Q

where are most fungiform papillae found

A

at the tip, strategically located to monitor food entering mouth

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52
Q

shape of fungiform apillae

A

mushroom-shpaed

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53
Q

where are fungiform papillae found

A

located amoung more numerous filiform papillae

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54
Q

taste buds on filiform papillae

A

No

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55
Q

where is keratin layer interrupted on fungiform papillae

A

Interrupted at the pore

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56
Q

how is keratin between papilla

A

reduced

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57
Q

where are taste buds located on the fungiform papillae

A

located on the dorsal surface of fungis

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58
Q

do single sections of fungiform papillae have multiple taste buds

A

NO, may have none of 1

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59
Q

most have fungis have how many taste buds

A

ave of 3

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60
Q

where are taste buds on fungi

A

Dorsal not on the side

61
Q

shape of filiform papillae

A

spine shape

62
Q

keratin of filiform papillae

A

heavy keratinized

63
Q

taste buds of filiform papillae

A

Do not continue buds

64
Q

what does Filiform papillae innervate

A

only by somatosensory fibers

65
Q

how are foliate papillae organized

A

2-6 parallel folds in dorsoventral orientation

66
Q

taste buds of foliate papillae

A

1300 taste buds densely packed

67
Q

what innervates foliate papillae

A

glossopharyngeal (IX, BA3)

68
Q

location of foliate papillae

A

lateral aspects of most posterio anteriotongue (post to molar, anterior to CVs)

69
Q

roll of Foliate papillae

A

strategic location for monitor food during chewing

70
Q

location of taste buds in foliate papillae

A

in the trenches not on the surface

71
Q

what do foliate taste buds associate with

A

with salivary glands (Von Ebner)

72
Q

number of circumvallate papilae

A

8-10

73
Q

taste buds of circumvallate papillae

A

2400 buds (densy packed)

74
Q

what makes up the circumvallate papilae

A

central connective tissue core surrounded by a trench

75
Q

where are circumvallate papillae

A

arrranged in a v on the most posterior AT

76
Q

roll of circumvallate papillae

A

Monitor food just before swallowing

77
Q

where are circumvallate papilae located

A

In trench, not dorsal surface

78
Q

what innervates circumvallate papillae

A

Innervates by glossopharyngeal N

79
Q

what do buds of Circumvalate associate with

A

Von ebner’s glands

80
Q

are taste buds functionall redundat in their ability to sense different taste

A

yes

81
Q

what taste buds are not functionall redudant

A

taste buds on the larynx (mainly respond to deviations from isotonicity, to protect the airway)

82
Q

how are regional differences in taste buds

A

relative but not absolute

83
Q

do fungiform papillae detect 1 quality

A

No, detect more than 1 quality

84
Q

what does the functional redudancy of the taste system do

A

makes it resilient in the face of partial taste loss

85
Q

is taste ipsilateral or contralateral to chorda tympani anesthesia

A

taste stimuli become undetectable on the side of the tongue ipsilateral to anesthesia

86
Q

after bilateral choda tympania anesthsia if you give taste to the whole mouth

A

produces minimal efects on whole mouth perception

87
Q

what happens to whole mouth taste due to CT/lingual nerve damage caused by 3rd molar surgery or CT damage by middle ear surgery

A

negligible effect on whole mouth taste

88
Q

damage or anesthesia of a single taste nerve results in what with specific spatial test

A

can clearly detect the perceptual effects of damage

89
Q

effect of damage to a single nerve when using the whole mouth

A

Little effect

90
Q

why is there little effect when you are missing a nerve, but use the whole

A

functional redundanc and ability of the CNS to somehow compensate for partial loss

91
Q

study depth at taste bud removal

A

perceptual tests used to assess these effects are crude

effects of glossopharyngeal damage studied minimally

92
Q

do all people have about the same amount of taste papillae

A

varies greatly between individuals

93
Q

how does taste papillae change with age

A

slighly declines but only slightly (feeling of taste loss comes from decline in olfaction)

94
Q

what can affect fewer taste papillae

A

Genetics
smoking
alcohol

95
Q

functional consequences of few taste buds

A

Not adequately studied

96
Q

other types of individual variability in the bio of taste system are related to

A

Differences in taste preception (the ability to taste specific classes of moelcules or qualities

97
Q

what is a substance that individualls taste differently

A

bitter phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

98
Q

how does one taste bitter phenylthiocarbamide

A

bimodal distribution of thresholds (inherityed)

99
Q

the critical features of the molecular strucutre of PTC

A

thiourea moity

100
Q

what is the receptor for bitter

A

tas2r

101
Q

family size of bitter taste recetpor

A

30 member

102
Q

what kind of receptor is better taste

A

G-protein coupled

103
Q

what does tas2r detect

A

a limited range of bitter comploudns

104
Q

the receptor for PTC

A

tas2r38

105
Q

what dtermines sensitivity to bitter taste

A

substitution of 2/333 amino acids

106
Q

what are tha alanin and valine positions for taste intesnity imporance vs proline and alanine

A

49 and 262

107
Q

people that are homogenous for PTC sensitive form of tas2r taste what else as bitter

A

mustard greens
turnips
broccoli

108
Q

why would someone who is pTC sensitive also dislike some veggies

A

these vegies contain glucosinolates which also has a thiourea moitey

109
Q

bitter sensitivity also applies to what

A

to some artificial sweeters since they use the same Tas2R receptor class

110
Q

what else besides bitter taste is controlled by genetics

A

receptors for sweet stimuli

111
Q

how is the sweet receptor differences occur

A

differences in the promoter region determine the number of copies of the sweet receptor ( controls intensity of the sweetness)

112
Q

difference in amount of sweet receptors leads to

A

differences in the most preferred sugar concentration

113
Q

what other factors control taste sensitivity

A

Genetic and encirnonmental(not completely understood)

114
Q

how do taste buds look at the light microscopic level using standard stains

A

rather homogeneous

115
Q

are all taste buds the same

A

Multiple types of taste bud cells

116
Q

Dark taste bud cell type

A

Type I

117
Q

staining for glial markers shows that type I cells do what

A

are supportive due to lack of microvilli and synapses

but may also respond to salts (unclear)

118
Q

light staining taste bud cell type

A

Light cells

119
Q

morphology of light cells

A

microvilli that reach the taste pore

120
Q

what do light cells do

A

express receptors for tasting stimuli

121
Q

what do type III cells do

A

taste sour

122
Q

types of light cells

A

Type III

Type II

123
Q

what do type III cells synapse with

A

synapse with primary afferent nerve

124
Q

what do type II cells do

A

taste bitter, sweet, and amino acids

125
Q

do type II cells synapse with primary afferent nerve

A

no

126
Q

how to distinguish type II and III cells

A

due to expression of specific proteins

127
Q

how do Type II and Type II cell communicate with the primary afferent taste nerves

A

use ATP

128
Q

what kind of cynapse does a Type III cell use

A

classic synapses

129
Q

how is ARP relased from Type II cells

A

without the aid of a typical synapse using a specifial voltaged gated ion channel

130
Q

what voltage gated channel allows for the relaese of ATP from Type II cells

A

CALHM1 (calcium homeostasis modulator 1)

131
Q

what are taste buds made of

A

Modified epithelial cells

132
Q

what do taste buds do similar to epithelial cells

A

continually replaced

133
Q

where do new taste bud cells come from

A

basal cells (also perigemmal cells) just outside the taste bud to give rise to a post-mitotic taste bud

134
Q

what do the post mitottic taste bud precursor cells express

A

Sonic headgehod

135
Q

what do sonic hedge hog taste bud precursors give rise to

A

all 3 types of cells in the taste bud (I, II, III)

136
Q

what does sonic hedge hog due in the taste bud

A

released from the precursor cells and acts on surrounding cells to maintain taste buds

137
Q

what does the taste bud develop from

A

specialized epithelium called the placode (similar to that of the tooth)

138
Q

what is needed for taste bud development

A

cell-cell signalling

final differentiation requires neural innervation

139
Q

similariteis between tooth buds and taste bud development

A

use same moelcules (and used also in many different organs)

140
Q

important pathways for taste bud and tooth

A

Wnt/beta-catenin
BMP
SHH
FGF

141
Q

do the same molecules always have the same effect on the taste bud developemt

A

same molecules can have a different effect at a different time

142
Q

when the tongue appears

A

week4

143
Q

when the lingual papillae develops

A

week 8

144
Q

when the taste buds first appear

A

week 8

145
Q

when taste pore first appear

A

week 12

146
Q

How early does taste develop

A

early and is at least partially competent at birth

147
Q

how do we know babys can taste

A

give them bitter stuff and sweet stuff to see a reaction

148
Q

effect of experience and taste

A

natural taste preference can be altered by experience

149
Q

study do to the effect of early experience on preferences of 2 formulas

A

early preferences to certain formulas

oral histology (14 decks)

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