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oral histology > Root Development and PEriodontium > Flashcards

Root Development and PEriodontium Flashcards

1
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s addition to science

A

Simple microscope
Disoveded Animalcules
Enamel, dentin, bone (not cementum

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2
Q

Marcello Malpighi addition to science

A

Malpighian corpuscles
Pyramids of kidneys
Malpighian tubules in insects
Substantia tartarea on roots of teeth

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3
Q

when were compound light microscopes invented

A

early 1800s

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4
Q

what did Jan Purkinje discover

A

Purkinje cells and fibers

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5
Q

what did Anders Rwtzius find

A

Striae of Retzius by looking at dentin tubules

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6
Q

other name for outer substance

A

Cortical substansen

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7
Q

other name for bony cells

A

Osseous corpuscula

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8
Q

other name for bony substnace

A

substantia ossea

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9
Q

what did GReene Vardiman black do

A

Classification of caries
Amalgam preps
Foot powered drill
first detailed understanding of how cementum functions for periodontium
Recognized Sharpey’s fibers in cementum and bone unite the periodontal complex
Describe reparative cementum

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10
Q

what is the tooth root

A

Root dentin

associated root canals (pulp)

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11
Q

what is the support system for the tooth

A

Periodontium

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12
Q

what makes up the periodontium

A

Cementum
Alveolar bone
Periodontal ligament
Gingiva: tooth associated and gingival ligaments

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13
Q

what defines the edge of enamel organ during bell stage

A

The cervical loop

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14
Q

what kind of structure is the cervical loop

A

A crown strucutre

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15
Q

what defines the forming root

A

Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath

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16
Q

when does the Cervical loop turn into hertwig’s epithelial root sheath

A

Initiation of root development

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17
Q

what is Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath derived from

A

The cervical loop

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18
Q

what is HErtwig’s epithelial root sheath an exention from

A

Enamel organ

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19
Q

what is HErtwig’s epithelial root sheath made of

A

Bilayer strucuture of IEE and OEE

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20
Q

what does Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath do

A

Architect of the root defining size and shape and number of roots (morphogenesis)
Induces root odontoblast differentiation

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21
Q

How does HERS pdefine a single rooted tooth

A

Proliferates apically to define the root

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22
Q

How does HERS make multiple roots

A

Epithelial interradicular processes

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23
Q

what are Epithelial interradicular processes

A

Tongues of epithelium growing towards one another

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24
Q

what does HERS cell migration and proliferation determine

A

Size shape and number of roots

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25
Q

what does HERS do for root odontoblasts

A

Causes them to differentate via epithelial-mesenchymal signaling

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26
Q

what is the dental papilla made of

A

Undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells

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27
Q

what does HERS do to Dental papilla cells

A

Induces them to differentiate to pre-odontoblasts then odontoblasts

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28
Q

how does Root dent form

A

In steps with HERS proliferation

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29
Q

What does HERS signal to the Dental papilla

A

Smad4 transcription factor

Sonic hedgehog secreted signal to papilla cells

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30
Q

what does HERS signalling to the dental papilla lead to

A

Induces Gli1 TF
Downstream Nfic TF
Odontoblast differentiation

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31
Q

what cannot be done without Nfic

A

Dental papilla cannot respond to HERS signaling and cells do not differentiate into odontoblasts
Rootless Teeth

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32
Q

what genetic disease causes Rootless teeth

A

Autsomal dominant Dentin Dysplasia type I (TF, SMOC2 and others)

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33
Q

what else might rootless teeth cuase

A

Short, poorly developed roots
Obliterated pulp chambers
Mobility, tooth loss

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34
Q

What are some developmental root defects

A

Rootless teeth
Dilaceration (deformity in shape and direction)
Taurodontism (large pulp chambers at expense of root/fucations)

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35
Q

what causes Developmental root defects

A

HERS growth and root dentin formation

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36
Q

DEvelopmental defects might do what to teeth

A

PRone to breakage, exfoliation, ankylosis, difficult extraction, ortho movement, other issues

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37
Q

What happens to the HERS over time

A

Disintegrates shortly after infucing root odontoblast differentiations
Some become epithelial rest of Malassez

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38
Q

how do Epithelial rests of Malassez appear

A

As clumps, strands, or networks of cells in the PDL

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39
Q

what surrounds the Epithelial rests of Malassez

A

Basement membrane

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40
Q

Where are Epithelial rests of Malassez found

A

Close to root

sometime several cell layers away

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41
Q

Function of Epithelial rests of Malassez

A

Can cause cysts
periodontal homeostasis or regeneration
but not sure

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42
Q

is root dentin continuous with crown dentin

A

they are continuous

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43
Q

how is dentinogenesis different in Root and crown

A

nearly the same, but interacts with IEE of HERS instead of enamel organ

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44
Q

Cell differentiation within the Root Dentin

A

Ectomesenchym, Dental Papilla, Pre-odontoblasts, Odontoblasts

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45
Q

types of dentin in the root

A

Mantle
Circumpulpal
predentin
Primary, secondary, tertiary

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46
Q

what deffines the types of Cementum

A

Presence/absence of cells within its matrix

Origin of collagen fibers of the matrix

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47
Q

what is another name for Primary cementum

A

Acelular cementum

Aceullar extrinsic fiber cementum

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48
Q

what is another name for secondary cementum

A

Cellular cementum

Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum

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49
Q

how much of the root is covered with Primary or secondary cementum

A

Primary: upper 2/3 of the root
Secondary: appilcal 1/3 of the root

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50
Q

What are the types of cemenetum

A

Major: primary acellular and secondary cellular cementum

additional types: Acellular afibrillar Cementum (AAC), cellular mixed stratified cementum

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51
Q

what is Cellular mixed stratified cementum

A

Mix of alternating acellular and cellular layers

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52
Q

are all types of Cementum separated completely

A

No, they overlap

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53
Q

what does Acellular cementum cover

A

the cervical 2/3 of root

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54
Q

what is the primary cementum

A

the first formed cementum ( Acellular)

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55
Q

cells of Acellular cementum

A

No cells

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56
Q

what does Cellular cementum cover

A

apical 1/3 of root

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57
Q

what is the secondary cementum

A

the second formed cementum (cellular cementum)

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58
Q

cells of Cellular CEmentum

A

Cementocytes

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59
Q

special function of cementum

A

Attachment
Protection
Adjusting
Sealing

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60
Q

attachment roll of cementum

A

important for strong periodontal structure cementing the tooth in the socket

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61
Q

what type of cementum does attachment

A

Acellular cementum primarily

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62
Q

how doe cementum protect

A

Protects roots from resorption and repairing resorption pits

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63
Q

what is the adjusting roll of cementum

A

adjusts tooth position

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64
Q

what type of cementum does the adjusting

A

Cellular

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65
Q

Sealing roll of cemntum

A

seals the dentin tubles (hydrodynamic theory of dental sensitivity and inhibits bacterial invasion)

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66
Q

composition og cementum

A

like bone and dentin
50% inorganic HA
35% organic
15% water

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67
Q

Organic components of cementum

A

Collagen type I(90%)
other collagen type III and VII
non collagenous proteins
glycosaminoglycans (10%)

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68
Q

How is cementum different from bone

A

Avascular
No innervation
No turnover (growth by apposition)

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69
Q

Origin of cementoblasts

A

Derived from dental follicle (ectomesenchym)

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70
Q

Function of Cementoblasts

A

Make acellular and cellular cementum

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71
Q

Product of cementoblasts

A

Collagens
ECM proteins
Enzymes for cementum mineralization

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72
Q

Fate of Cementoblasts

A

Remain in PDL close to cementum surface
Regulate slow cementum growth through life
direct cementum repair

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73
Q

origin of Cementocytes

A

Subset of cementoblasts

embedded in cellular cementum matrix (dental follicle, ectomesenchyme)

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74
Q

function of cementocytes

A

unknown

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75
Q

produces of cementocytes

A

less than cementoblasts

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76
Q

Features of cementocytes

A

Reside in lacuna

extend dendrites through canaliculi to communicate and receive nutrients

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77
Q

Fate of Cementocytes

A

Remain in lacunae for life

may die their

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78
Q

origin of Dental follicle

A

Ectomesenchymal

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79
Q

What is the dental follicle a precurosor for

A

CEmentoblasts
PDL fibroblasts
Osteoblasts

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80
Q

what happens right before Cementum forms

A

Root dentin exists

HERS disintegrates to expose the root dentin surface

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81
Q

what do Cementoblasts differentiate from

A

the dental follicle

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82
Q

what do the Cementoblasts secrete to initiate cementogenesis

A

Initial collagen fibers

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83
Q

what do the initial collagen fibers in cementum do

A

Intermingle with unmineralized dentin at the CDJ

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84
Q

what do the initial collagen fibers connect to

A

Intrinsic and not yet connected with the PDL (Doesn’t even exist yet)

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85
Q

what happens to the dentin once the cementum initial collagen fiber bundles intermingle with dentin collagen fibers

A

Dentin completes mineralization

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86
Q

hardness of the DCJ

A

less hard to serve as a cushion between cementum and dentin

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87
Q

how were the origin of cementoblasts and cementum found

A

60s-90s
Electron microscopy
Ultrastructural evidence

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88
Q

what makes up the Hertqigs epithelial root sheath

A

Inner enamel epithelium

Outer enamel epithelium

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89
Q

does the PDL exist during cementogenesis

A

No, the dental follicle consists of loose collagen fibers around the developning tooth

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90
Q

what do the Pre cementoblasts do the outer enamel epithelium

A

break through it do go the the Dnetin to eventually prenetrate into the dentin matrix

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91
Q

what do the cell processes of the PRe-cementoblasts contain

A

Microfilaments and ribosomes

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92
Q

how do Cementoblasts look

A

Hang out on the root surface

Well developed Golgi, rER

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93
Q

what happens to the IEE once cementoblasts form

A

remnants of IEE away from the root sruface

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94
Q

what do PDL fibroblasts produce

A

primary collagen fiber bundles of PDL space

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95
Q

what do the primary collagen fiber bundles of the PDL space do

A

stitched to first cementum intrinsic fibers

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96
Q

what are the extrinsic fibers

A

a continuation of the initial intrinsic fibers

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97
Q

what do the extrinsic fibers become

A

mineralized sharpey’s fibers within cementum

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98
Q

what is the major fiber group for acellular cementum

A

Extrinsic fibers

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99
Q

what is the density of extrinsic fibers in acellular cementum

A

high density

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100
Q

importance of extrinsic fibers to accellular cementum

A

critical to the function

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101
Q

where do sharpey’s fibers insert

A

insert into both acellular cemntum and alveolar bone

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102
Q

what are sharpey’s fibers

A

Mineralized collagen fiber bundles for a strong anchorage of tooth-PDL-bone

103
Q

Roll of Cementoblasts in cementogenesis

A

PRomote HA deposition betweena nd within collagen fibers

104
Q

what are Sharpeys fibers made of

A

Mineralized collagen fibers cont with PDL in cementum and alveolar bond

105
Q

how does Mineralization of cementum occur(Directyion)

A

from the root sruface out towards the bone

106
Q

what is the scaffold for Cementum mineralization

A

Fiber fringe at the cementum-PDL interface made of Collagen substrated (Type I and Others)

107
Q

what do Cellular secretions of ECM (non collagen) proteins participate in

A

Mineral precipitation

108
Q

where do cells direct mineralization

A

in and between collagen fibers by ECM proteins and enzymes

109
Q

how are extrinsic collagen fibers mineralized

A

Progressive mineralization

110
Q

what is the fiber before cementum initiation

A

Fiber fringe

111
Q

what happens when the Fiber fringe becomes engulfed and mineralized

A

Sharpey’s fibers

112
Q

how does Mineralization of the Acellular cementum do

A

Mineralizes slowly over time (abuot 3 micrometers a year)

113
Q

Aceullar cementum thickness over tie

A

Becomes thicker over time

114
Q

what do secondary cementoblasts produce

A

Cementum matrix rapidly (cementoid)

produce intrinsic collagen fiber deposited into the cellular cementum ECM

115
Q

what teeth have little cellular cementum

A

Incisors and canines (little role in tooth attachment)

116
Q

how is Cellular cementum adaptive

A

Maintains tooth in proper occlusal position by compensating for enamel attrition throughout life

117
Q

where can cellular cementum repair cementum resporption

A

anywhere on the root

118
Q

how does Cellular cementum look before mineralization

A

a clear unmineralized cementoid quivalent to predetin or osteoid

119
Q

steps of Cellular cementum mineralization

A

Cementoblast secreete collagen and other proteins
Time lag
Matrix mineralized

120
Q

what can lead to delayed Mineralization

A

Excess cementoid

121
Q

what conditions affect cementoid similarly to the osteoid

A

Conditions that delay/inhibit mineralization

122
Q

What is embedded in cellular cementum atrix

A

Cementocytes

123
Q

what are cementocytes connected to

A

connected to one another and the surface (PDL)

124
Q

what are Cementocytes equivalent to

A

Osteocytes in bone

125
Q

what types of cementum grow slowly throughout life

A

Both acelular and cellular cementum

126
Q

how does CEmentum grow

A

no remodeling/turnover

grows via appositional growth

127
Q

appositional growth

A

addition to the existing layer

128
Q

what indicates successive layers of cementum

A

Longitudinal lines/striations/appositional growth lines

129
Q

does resporption of cementum occur

A

sometimes

130
Q

Classical hypothesis for cementum original

A

Ectomesenchym
dental follicle
cementoblasts

131
Q

Alternative hypothesis for cementum origin

A

Dental epithelium
HERS
epithelial-mesenchymal transformation to cementoblasts

132
Q

what allows follicle cells (pre-cementoblasts) to access root surface

A

Fenestration of HERS

133
Q

too little cementum

A

cementum aplasia

Hypoplasia

134
Q

too much cementum

A

Hypercementosis, may lead to ankylosis

135
Q

loss of cementum

A

External root resorption

Deriodontal diseases

136
Q

what is Hypophosphatasia

A

A rare skeletal disease leading to High ppi

Acellular cementum aplasia or hypoplasia

137
Q

what is mutated in Hypophosphatasia

A

mutations in ALPL gene for tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP an TNSALP)

138
Q

roll of TNAP

A

breaks down pyrophosphate an inhibitor of mineralization

139
Q

what does Hypophosphatasia affect

A

`bone (skeletal and craniofacial
Dentin
enamel
Acellular cementum most dramatic in terms of severity and prevalencedefec

140
Q

defective/absent cementum due to hypophophatasia leads to

A

loose teeth

premature loss of primary and secondary teeth as fully rooted HPP teeth

141
Q

Excessive cementum growth

A

Hypercementosis

142
Q

Cause of Hypercementosis

A

TRauma
Genetics
Idiopathic

143
Q

symptoms of Hypercementosis

A

Generally asymptomatic
ankylosis
difficult in extraction

144
Q

genetic hypercemetnosis is the opposite of what

A

HPP

145
Q

protein for Acellular cemetnum

A

Bone sialoprotein (BSP)

146
Q

where was Bone sialoprotein found

A

First discovered in bone but also in dentin and cementum

147
Q

roll of bone sialoprotein

A

Promotes ha formation

acellular cementum formation in mice

148
Q

knockout of Bone Sialoprotein leads to

A

Cementum hypoplasia
PDL detachment
Periodontal breakdown

149
Q

human equivalent to Bone Sialoprotein knockout in mice

A

consistent with aspects of aggressive periodontitis

150
Q

what does external root resporption

A

Odontoclasts (osteoclast like cells)

151
Q

how common is root resportion

A

common to be mild in 1 or more teeth

152
Q

Root resportion is caused by

A

Excessive orthodontic force (usually apical effect)
related to trauma, severe periodontitis, genetics
also idiopathic

153
Q

Multiple idiopathic cervical root resporption

A

agressive as 19 teeth affected over 30 yeras

11 extracted/exfoliated

154
Q

treating Multiple idiopathic cervical root resportion

A

effective treatment

155
Q

what causes root surface caries

A

Bacteria/plaque

156
Q

what is the Root (surface) caries

A

Exposed root surface

Soft, progressive lesion distinct from clastic resporption

157
Q

when does Reparative cementum form

A

Following root cementum resorption by osteoclasts and odontoclasts

158
Q

what does Reparative cementum form

A

Fills resporption pit (Howship’s lacuna)

159
Q

what kind of CEmentum is reparative cementum

A

Cellular regardless of location

160
Q

Concerns with Reparative cementum

A

How well is it bound to dnetin

is new cementum well attached to PDL

161
Q

what does the alveolar process/bone form

A

the socket that holds the tooth

162
Q

types of bone in the alveolar bone

A 
cortical plates buccal and lingual
Trabecular bone (spongiosa)
163
Q

what part of the alveolar bone is invovled with periodontal function

A

alveolar plate

164
Q

the alveolar bone lining the socket, inner aspect facing tooth root

A

Bundle bone or alveolar bone proper

165
Q

what is included int he alveolar bone

A

Extrainsic collagen fiber bundles, mineralized sharpey’s fibers (similar to acellular cementum)

166
Q

size of primary fiber entering bundle bone vs cementum

A

PRimary fibers are larger and less dense in bundle bone

167
Q

what is the lamina fura

A

a radiopaque layer lining the socket of alveolar bone

168
Q

why is lamina dura more radiopaque

A

from thick bone without trabeculation not increased mineral content

169
Q

radiooapquiolucenticity of PDL

A

PDL is radiolucent

170
Q

is the compact bone of the alveolar process entirely solid

A

Not entirely solid

171
Q

performations of the compact bone of the alveolar processis for

A

Blood vessels and nerves to enter the PDL space

172
Q

what is the cribiform plate

A

a strucuture pierced by many small holes

173
Q

cells of the alveolar bone

A 
Hematopoietic stem cells
Monosyte/macrophage
Osteoclast
Extomesenchyme
dental follicle/mesenchymal stem cells
Pre-osteoblast
Osteoblast
lining cell
osteocyte
174
Q

what cells work in function to do bone remodelling

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

175
Q

the fastest remodling bone in the body

A

Normal remodeling of the alveolar bone

176
Q

Normal bone resorption allows for what

A

Tooth eruption

177
Q

Normal tooth resporptions occures when

A

When decidious teeth are exfoliated

178
Q

when does abnoraml tooth resporption occure

A

when clasts resorb the roots of permanent teeth

179
Q

roll of the alveolar bone

A

Distribute occlusal loads

180
Q

existance of alveolar bone depends on what

A

the interaction with teeth

181
Q

the mechanostate thtoery of bone loading

A

Bone loading cuases growth

bone unloading cuases loss

182
Q

what happens to alveolar bone of edentualous mandible

A

gradually lost

183
Q

Wolff’s law/ frosts mechanostate model of reponse to bone loading

A

bone loading cuases bone growth

Bone unloading cuases bone loss

184
Q

what are periodontal ligaments

A

soft fibrous connective tissue between tooth and alveolar bone

185
Q

ligament

A

fibrous connective tissue connecteing bone to bone

186
Q

PEriodontal ligametn

A

Connects bone to tooth in a unique joint called a gomphosis or tooth socket

187
Q

width of the periodontal ligament

A

.1-.4 mm but varius with person and healthy

188
Q

Functions of pdl

A 
Supportive
Nutritive
sensory
Defensive
maintenance/reparative
adaptive
189
Q

supportive function of the pdl

A

primary collagen fibers attach tooth to bone

190
Q

nutritive function of the pdl

A

Blood supply to cells of the region, including cementoblasts and cemetocytes

191
Q

sensory function of the PDL

A

innervated for sensing posotion and pain

192
Q

defensive function of the PDL

A

delivers immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils

193
Q

Maintenacne/reparative function of the PDL

A

contains stem and progenitor cells that can repair or regenerate pdl, bone, cementum

194
Q

adaptive roll of PDL

A

based on mech loading, adpats fiber orientation and influences neighboring alveolar bone remodeling

195
Q

how does the PDL arrange itself

A

to accept and distribute tensile forces from mastication

196
Q

what happens to PDL after ortho movement

A

returns to the same width

197
Q

components of the PDL

A

Ground substance
Collagen fibers
Oxtalan fibers

198
Q

GRound subance of the PDL

A

amorphous background material of proteins, proteoglycans, and water

199
Q

what types of collagen are in the PDL

A

I, III, XII

200
Q

what does the Collagen fibers make up in the PDL

A 
fiber bundles (spliced rope)
97% of fibers
201
Q

oxytalan fibers

A

small elastic fibers, support collagen fibers and blood vessel walls

202
Q

commonness of Oxytalan fibers

A

3%

203
Q

elastic fibers in the pdl

A

None, PDL is more stiff for wistanding forces

204
Q

organization of the PDL in pre-emergence stage

A

PDL collagen fibers disorganized parallel to tooth/root

205
Q

what happens to the PDL in the pre-functional and functional stage

A

Increase org
More fibers perpendicular/oblique to root/bone
Cementum as attachment

206
Q

Collagen fibers bundles spand from what to what in the PDL

A

from mature tooth to bone (except transseptal group is tooth to tooth

207
Q

Function of the PDL principle fiber groups

A

Resist intrusive and extrusive forces, tipping, and lateral movements

208
Q

groups of PDL principle fiber

A 
transseptal
Alveolar crest
horizontal
oblique
apical
Interradicular group
209
Q

the main PDL group resisting occlusal loads (intrusive)

A

Oblique group

210
Q

what PDL travesl from tooth to tooth

A

TRansspetal fibers

211
Q

major cell of the PDL

A

Firboblasts (lots)

212
Q

roll of Fibroblasts in the PDL

A

secrete and remodel matrix

213
Q

what does the PDL fibroblasts associate with

A

Collagen fibers to act as mechanotransducers

214
Q

Cells of the PDL

A 
Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Epithelial rests of Malassez
Stem/progenitor cells
Immune cells
215
Q

Roll of Stem/progenitor cells of the PDL

A

Ability to differentiate and regenerate

216
Q

what gives blood tothe PDL

A

Superior and interior alveolar arteries

217
Q

the major route of blood flow to the PDL

A

PErforating vessels (alveolar or intra-alveolar)

218
Q

what are the extra routes of blood flow to the PDL

A

Apical routes and gingival vessel routes

219
Q

what way does Venous drainage occure

A

axial direction

220
Q

were is gingival crevicular fluid found

A

Found in the sulcus/gingival margin

221
Q

importance of gingival crevicular fluid

A

transudate from vasculature

Diagnostic value

222
Q

forces of mastication

A

LArge forces across short distances via hard teeth

223
Q

what controls the forces of amstication

A

peripheral feedback (stops toooth damage and supporting tissues)

224
Q

proprioception

A

periodontal complex to provide sensory feedback on tooth psosition, bite force, presence of objects….

225
Q

do all bites occur at the same force

A

NO depends on consistency

226
Q

how sensitive is the dental sensation in periodontius

A

detect 1 grain of sand between teeth

227
Q

tyeps of nerve endings in the PDL

A

Free ending, tree like
Ruffini ending (slow adpating, found in skin)
coiled endings
Encapsulated endings

228
Q

most common ending in the PDL

A

Free endings, tree-like

229
Q

where are free endings found in the PDL

A

founding along the length of the root

230
Q

receptors of free endinds in te PDL

A

nociceptors and mechanorecetpors

231
Q

where are Ruffini endings found

A

near apex

232
Q

receptors of Ruffini endings

A

Mechanoreceptors

233
Q

were are coiled endings found in the PDL

A

mid region of the PDL

234
Q

function of coiled endins

A

Unknown

235
Q

where are ENcapsulated endings found in the PDL

A

near the apex

236
Q

function of encapsulated endins

A

Unknown

237
Q

Nociceptors

A

sensory receptor for painful stimuli

238
Q

what odd things may be found in the PDL space

A

ERM
Cementicle
Ankylosis

239
Q

Cementicle

A

Ectopic cementum in PDL attached or unattached

240
Q

Ankylosis

A

Cementum-bone fusion leading to a loss of PDL space

241
Q

epithelium of the gingiva

A

Oral epithelium
sulcus epithelium
Junctional epithelail

242
Q

where is junctional epithelium found

A

enamel and cementum

243
Q

roll of junctioanl epithelium

A

Barrier to microbial invastion with a fast turnover

244
Q

what is junctional epithelium made from

A

Leftover enamel organ/reduced enamel epithelium

245
Q

what are gingival liagemnt goupds

A

not pdl, but collagen fiber bundles spaning from tooth/bone to gingiva connective tissue

246
Q

where are gingival ligament groups found

A

in lamina propria (underlying connective tisssue) of the gingiva

247
Q

function of the gingival ligament groups

A

Resist gingival displacement

248
Q

tyesp of gingival ligament groups

A

Circular group
Dentogingival
Dentoperiosteal
Alveologingival

249
Q

what causes periodontal disease

A

Infection via a perio pathogens (porphyromonas gingivalis)

250
Q

what does PEriodontal disease lead to

A

Inflammation

loss of periodontal strucutres (cementum, PDL, alveolar bone)

251
Q

Inflammation of periodontitis is caused be

A

Inflammatory cytokines
matrix metalloproteinases
Osteo/odontoclasts

252
Q

how does one do periodontal regeneration

A

scaling
root planing
antibitoic therapy
Guided tissue regeneration

253
Q

protein used in periodontal regeneration

A

Emdogain and other growth factors that rely on stem/progenitor cells

oral histology (14 decks)

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