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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Special Topics: Early Human Development > Flashcards

Special Topics: Early Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of embryogenesis?

A

To carry out patterning, define major axis, define three germ layers, form the rudiments of major organs

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2
Q

What is patterning in embryogenesis?

A

the process where cells acquire identity in space and time (laying down 3 main germ layers)

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3
Q

What are the major axis defined in embryogenesis

A

anterior (head), posterior (tail), dorsal (back), ventral (stomach/tummy)

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4
Q

What process produces the three germ layers?

A

Gastrulation

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5
Q

What colour is the ectoderm on a fate map?

A

Blue

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6
Q

What colour is the mesoderm on a fate map?

A

Red

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7
Q

What colour is the endoderm on a fate map?

A

Yellow

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8
Q

What is the ectodermal germ layer?

A

the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this

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9
Q

What is the mesodermal germ layer?

A

the middle layer of cells or tissues of an embryo, or the parts derived from this

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10
Q

What is the endodermal germ layer?

A

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this

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11
Q

What germ layers is the integumentary system derived from?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

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12
Q

What germ layers is the skeletal system derived from?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

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13
Q

What germ layers is the nervous system derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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14
Q

What germ layers is the endocrine system derived from?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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15
Q

What germ layers is the respiratory system derived from?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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16
Q

What germ layers is the digestive system derived from?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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17
Q

What germ layers is the muscular system derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What germ layers is the cardiovascular system derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

What germ layers is the lympathic system derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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20
Q

What germ layers is the urinary system derived from?

A

Mesoderm and endoderm

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21
Q

What germ layers is the reproductive system derived from?

A

Mesoderm and endoderm

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22
Q

Example of structures the ectoderm gives rise too

A

epidermis of the skin, nervous tissue including brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Example of structures the mesoderm gives rise too

A

dermal layer of the skin, muscles, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, kidneys, skeleton..

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24
Q

Example of structures the endoderm gives rise too

A

gut, reproductive cells, some glands

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25
Q

What is the first stage of Embryogenesis?

A

Fertilisation

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26
Q

What occurs after fertilisation?

A

Cleavage of the zygote and formation of the blastocyst

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27
Q

What is a sperm?

A

Male gamete

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28
Q

What is an egg?

A

Female gamete

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29
Q

How many sperm reach the egg?

A

200

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30
Q

What is capacitation?

A

removal of inhibitory molecules from the surface of the sperm that causes them to swim harder and faster towards the egg, which they are attracted to by chemotaxis and thermotaxis

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31
Q

What structural features does a sperm have that allows it to get inside an egg?

A

Enzymes, a tail and head

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32
Q

What layers does the sperm have to penetrate to reach the cytoplasm of the oocyte?

A
  1. Corona Radiata
  2. Zona Pellucida
  3. Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte
  4. Cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
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33
Q

What is the egg bigger than the sperm?

A

Because it contains all the developmental material for an embryo

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34
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

outside layer of cells around secondary oocyte

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35
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

the fibrous mat structure between corona radiata and plasma membrane of secondary oocyte

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36
Q

What does the zona pellucida prevent?

A

ectopic pregnancy (when embryo starts developing outside of uterus)

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37
Q

What phase is the oocyte in when fertilisation occurs?

A

Metaphase II

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38
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Fallopian/uterine tube

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39
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal

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40
Q

What is the second stage of Embryogenesis

A

Cleavage of the zygote and formation of the blastocyst

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41
Q

What occurs after the cleavage of the zygote and formation of the blastocyst

A

Implantation

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42
Q

What is cleavage?

A

the rapid mitotic division post fertilisation

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43
Q

What is formed on the first day post fertilisation?

A

A blastomere

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44
Q

What is a blastomere?

A

the two smaller cells that are produced from the division of the fertilised egg

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45
Q

Does the volume of a cell change during cleavage?

A

No, it has the same volume but more cells are produced in a smaller space

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46
Q

What is formed on the fourth day post fertilisation?

A

A Morula

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47
Q

What is a morula?

A

a loosely packed ball of cells

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48
Q

What is formed on the fifth day post fertilisation?

A

A blastocyst

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49
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Hollow ball of cells which contains 2 tissue types. It is a tighter ball of cells/increased adhesion to form the first epithelial layer

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50
Q

What are the two tissue types in a blastocyst and what do they create?

A

The inner cell mass (ICM) which creates the embryo and the Trophoblast cells which create embryonic tissues like the placenta

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51
Q

What is the hollow part of the blastocyst called?

A

The blastocyst cavity

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52
Q

How is the blastocyst cavity formed?

A

sodium pump puts water into blastocyst via osmosis which forms a cavity

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53
Q

What is the main visual difference between the morula and blastocyst?

A

Blastocyst has cavity

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54
Q

What is the third stage of Embryogenesis?

A

Implantation

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55
Q

What occurs after implantation

A

development of the trophoblast

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56
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Inner lining of the uterus

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57
Q

What happens to the endometrium if fertilisation does not occur?

A

It sheds away in menstruation

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58
Q

What helps the oocyte move into the uterus

A

Muscular and cilia movement in the fallopian tube

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59
Q

What happens to the blastocyst 5-6 days after fertilisation?

A

Blastocyst hatches out of zona pellucida to plant into the endometrium layer of the uterine cavity

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60
Q

How does the blastocyst get into the uterine wall?

A

It secretes enzymes that allow it to burrow into the uterine wall and eventually become fully surrounded by maternal tissue

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61
Q

What is the fourth stage of embryogenesis?

A

Development of the trophoblast

62
Q

What happens after the development of the trophoblast?

A

Development of the bilaminar embryonic disc

63
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer layer of the blastocyst

64
Q

What is the placenta made of?

A

both maternal and embryonic tissues

65
Q

What does the trophoblast differentiate into around 1 week postt fertilisation?

A

It differentiates into Syncytiotrophoblast and

Cytotrophoblast

66
Q

What are Syncytiotrophoblast

A

cells that secrete enzymes to allow blastocyst to firmly implant into the uterine lining

67
Q

What is the Cytotrophoblast?

A

Inner cellular layer of the trophoblast

68
Q

What do Syncytiotrophoblast and Cytotrophoblasts give rise too?

A

form the chorion (the embryonic portion of the placenta - extra embryonic tissue)

69
Q

What is function of the placenta?

A

to create the interface between the mother and the child, and allows for exchange of materials between the two. Villi within the chorion create a large surface area to facilitate this

70
Q

What is the uterine endometrium?

A

the uterine wall

71
Q

What hormone does trophoblast release?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

72
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin

A

A hormone that prevents the endometrium from shedding in menstruation which allows the embryo to implant

73
Q

What does a pregnancy test test fo

A

human chorionic gonadotropin in urine

74
Q

What is the fifth stage of embryogenesis?

A

the development of the bilaminar embryonic disc

75
Q

What occurs after the development of the bilaminar embryonic disc

A

the development of the yolk sac

76
Q

What does the ICM form?

A

the bilaminar embryonic disc

77
Q

What are the two types of internal cells in the ICM bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Hypoblasts and epiblasts

78
Q

What does the hypoblast form?

A

the endoderm

79
Q

What does the epiblast form?

A

the ectoderm

80
Q

What germ layer is not present when the bilaminar embryonic disc is developing?

A

the mesoderm

81
Q

What is the amnion cavity?

A

A small cavity that appears in the epiblast

82
Q

How is the amnion cavity formed?

A

epiblasts divide to form a dome made of simple squamous epithelium which fills with fluid

83
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Layer of simple squamous cells that are formed by the epiblast, enclosing the amniotic cavity which eventually forms the amniotic sac

84
Q

What is the function of the amniotic sac + fluid?

A

protection, regulates body temperature, prevents embryo from drying out, prevents tissues of embryo from joining to anything else, this is the region where you can get DNA

85
Q

What is the amniocentesis

A

the process where the amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac is tested for abnormalities and infections

86
Q

When does the Extraembryonic mesoderm start to form?

A

During the development of the bilaminar embryonic disc (day 12 post fertilisation)

87
Q

What will the Extraembryonic mesoderm form?

A

the mesoderm germ layer and help form the placenta and chorion

88
Q

Where is the blastocyst during the development of the bilaminar disc

A

buried right into the endometrium wall

day 12

89
Q

What is the 6th stage of embryogenesis?

A

The development of the yolk sac

90
Q

What occurs after the development of the yolk sac?

A

Gastrulation

91
Q

What cell migrate, proliferate and cover the inner wall of the blastocyst cavity at day 9?

A

Hypoblasts

92
Q

What is the exocoelomic membrane

A

the thin membrane lining the blastocyst cavity made of hypoblast cells that will form the yolk sac

93
Q

What does the embryo sit between

A

the yolk sac and amniotic cavity

94
Q

What is the function of yolk sac?

A

Supplies nutrients and energy, source of blood cells, contains first germ cells for gonads, forms part of the gut, shock absorption, prevents desiccation

95
Q

What are lacunar networks?

A

the small holes in the Syncytiotrophoblast and eventually they invade and form the complete structure with the maternal sinusoid (blood network) creating the placenta.

96
Q

Why does the placenta have a large surface area?

A

The placenta has a very large surface area to allow for max exchange of materials between the mother and foetus

97
Q

What is the maternal sinusoid?

A

are maternal capillaries close to where the embryo is implanting. These are encouraged to expand to form sinusoids and they fuse with lacunar networks. Network connects the embryo to the maternal blood supply. Beginning the formation of the placenta (nutrients in and waste out)(also releases hormones that prevent the rejection of the embryo because the embryonic tissue is genetically different from the mother)

98
Q

What is the 7th step of embryogenesis?

A

gastrulation

means “to form gut”

99
Q

What occurs after gastrulation

A

the formation of the notochordal process

100
Q

What is gastrulation

A

When the 3 germ layers are laid down and the dramatic movement of cells so 2D disc forms 3D structure

101
Q

What is the connecting stalk?

A

bilaminar embryonic disc is attached to trophoblast cells by connecting stalk (embryo is still attached to the ectoderm)

102
Q

What indicates the gastrulation is about to occur?

A

the formation of the primitive streak

103
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

A faint groove on the dorsal surface of the epiblast

104
Q

How is the primitve streak formed?

A

the dorsal surface of epiblast elongates from the posterior to the anterior of embryo – it establishes where the head and tail will be. It starts as a faint groove which elongates.

105
Q

Where do cells from the ectoderm migrate to in gastrulation?

A

Cells from the ectoderm migrate to lie above the underlying endodermal cells to form mesoderm

106
Q

What is invagination?

A

When cells of the epiblast move below the primitive streak and detach from the epiblast forming the mesoderm (this is a loosely organised connective tissue)

107
Q

What is the 8th stage of embryogenesis?

A

The formation of the notochordal process

108
Q

What occurs after the notochordal process

A

neurulation

109
Q

What is the primitive node?

A

A swelling at the head end of the primitive streak

110
Q

What is the notochordal process

A

it is the precursor to the notochord that is a hollow tube of cells

111
Q

How is the notochordal process formed

A

About 16 days post fertilisation mesodermal cells migrate towards the head end and form a hollow tube of cells in the midline called the notochordal process

112
Q

What is the notochord?

A

At day 22-24, the notochordal process forms a solid rod of cells (the notochord)

113
Q

Function of notochord

A

It is an inducer - tells tissues what organ to become by releasing chemicals. Causes mesodermal cells to become ventral bodies and ectoderm above to form the neural plate

114
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

the ectoderm cells above the notochord that thickin

115
Q

What does the neural plate develop into?

A

Flat group of ectodermal cells that develop into the brain and spinal cord

116
Q

What is organogenesis

A

Phase of embryonic development which causes the formation of organs (caused by the notochord)

117
Q

What is the 9th stage of embryogenesis?

A

neurulation and somites

118
Q

What occurs after neurulation and somites

A

embryonic folding

119
Q

What is neurulation?

A

the formation of the neural tube (started by notochord)

120
Q

What begins neurulation?

A

the formation of the neural groove

121
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Neural plate thickens and depresses to form the neural groove, the edges rise up to form the neural folds and eventually it sinks down and pinches off as a separate neural tube (BELOW ectoderm)

122
Q

What does the neural tube form

A

brain and spinal cord

123
Q

What are neural press cells?

A

cells that migrate away from the neural tube when it is fully submerged in the mesodermal layer and will form tissues like melanocytes (skin pigment etc.)

124
Q

What happens to the neural tube 4 week post fertilisation

A

anterior end of the neural tube gives rise to 3 enlarged areas which will give rise to the brain i.e. the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain.

125
Q

What is the notochord making form at the same time of the formation of the neural tube

A

the lateral mesoderm (either side of the notochord) is forming somites

126
Q

What are somites?

A

cuboidal like structures that form in parallel pairs either side of the notochord and they will eventually form the vertebrae of backbone and muscle in back. Differentiates into three different structures/regions

127
Q

What is the dermatomes?

A

top of the somite which will give rise to connective tissue

128
Q

What is the myotomes?

A

middle of somite which will give rise to skeletal muscles on our back, neck and limbs

129
Q

What is the sclerotome?

A

lower somite will give rise to vertebrae and ribs

130
Q

What is the 10th stage of embryogenesis?

A

Embryonic folding

131
Q

What happens as the embryo begins to fold?

A

the gut is formed

132
Q

How does embryo fold to form a tube?

A

Embryo folds laterally

133
Q

How is the gut formed?

A

lateral folding of the ectoderm – it folds down and around the central column, surrounding the mesodermal layer with the endoderm in the middle which will form the gut

134
Q

What is the connecting stalk the precursor of?

A

the umbilical cord

135
Q

What is a cranial fold?

A

when the head bends down

136
Q

What is a caudal fold?

A

when the back bends down

137
Q

What parts of the gut are formed due to embryonic folding and in what order

A

The mid gut is formed first (where the yolk sac is)

Afterwards, the fore and reargut are formed

138
Q

What is the dorsal ectodermal layer continuous with in embryonic folding?

A

Amnion

139
Q

What is the endodermal ventral layer continuous with in embryonic folding?

A

Yolk sac

140
Q

What happens to the cloacal membrane at 7 weeks post fertilisation

A

it dissolves (where anus will be)

141
Q

What happens to the Oropharyngeal membrane at 4 weeks post fertilisation

A

it dissolves (where the mouth will be)

142
Q

What merges to form future umbilical cord?

A

Connecting stalk and yolk sac

143
Q

what is the embryo completely surrounded by due to lateral folding?

A

the amniotic cavity

144
Q

What does lateral folding mean?

A

Lateral folds come down from the amniotic layer and invade the yolk sac and the two sides of the fold connect which means the gut has formed a complete tube

145
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches and how many are there?

A

pouches on the outside of the embryo (form either side of the future head and neck) that give rise to structures in the head

there are 6 pharyngeal arches (4 obvious and 2 less obvious)

146
Q

What does the otic placode give rise too?

A

makes the ear

147
Q

What does the optic/lens placode give rise too?

A

makes the eye

148
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

The mandible

149
Q

What is within the pharyngeal arches?

A

pharyngeal pouches

150
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouches do?

A

connects to the oesophagus which gives rise to the pharynx (throat)

151
Q

What is the heart prominence

A

A ventral projection at 28 days post fertilisation

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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