Cell Structure and Function: Cell Division and Cancer Flashcards
What is a Eukaryotic Cell?
cells that have a nucleus enclosed within membranes
What is Somatic cell division (Mitosis)?
When a diploid cell divides to form two diploid daughter cells
What is Reproductive cell division ( Meiosis)?
When a diploid cell divides to form four haploid cells
What are the reasons for somatic cell division/mitosis?
Growth and development, tissue renewal, genetically identical daughter cells
Examples in the body were mitosis for cell growth is needed
Skin and blood cells
Examples of cells that do not/require little division
Muscle and Neuron cells
What phase do most cell spend the majority of their time?
G1 of interphase
What is interphase?
metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other “normal” cell functions
What are the three stages of interphase?
G1, S, G2
What is G0?
If cells do not divide they stay in G0 which means they do not progress past G1 of interphase
What is the G1 phase?
The phase of interphase where most cellular activity occurs (cell metabolically active, duplicated organelles, centrosome replication begins)
How long is G1?
The duration of this phase depends on the cell but usually between 8-10 hours
What is the S phase?
The phase of interphase where DNA is replicated
How long is S?
8 hours
What is the G2 phase?
The phase of interphase where the cell prepares for cell division by synthesising proteins and enzymes, gathers reagents, replicates centrosomes
Also checks for correct DNA synthesis for the mitotic phase
What are the four stages of the mitotic phase?
PMAT
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What is the prophase stage?
Mitotic spindle forms (made of microtubules), chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes begin to line up
What is the metaphase stage?
Spindles are fully formed and condensed chromosomes align along the equator
What is the anaphase stage?
Chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate, pulled by microtubules attached at the centromere to either pole of the cell
Telophase and Cytokinesis
When the nuclear envelope reforms in the two daughter cells and they cleave apart (cleavage furrow forms)
What are sister chromatids?
refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere (1/2 of a duplicated chromosome)
What is the centromere?
Part of chromosome that attaches the two sister chromatids
What does diploid mean?
Full amount of chromosomes in a cell (46 in humans)(2n)
What does haploid mean?
Half the amount of chromosomes in a cell (23 in human gametes)(n)
What are the mitotic cell cycle checkpoints?
G1, G2 and M
What is the G2 checkpoint?
Assesses if the cell is ready to divide