Cells and Tissues: Body Systems Flashcards
What is the chemical level?
Atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body
eg. C, H, O, DNA and glucose
What is the cellular level?
Molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body (over 200 types)
eg. muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells
What is the tissue level?
tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. There are four main types
eg. muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial
What is the organ level?
Organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function
eg. stomach, skin, bones and heart
What is the system level?
A system has related organs working within it to carry out a common function
eg. the cardiovascular system
What is the organismal level?
all the parts of the body that make a living organism
eg. the individual
What are the eleven systems of the body?
MURDERS LINC
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lympathic (and immune), Integumentary, Nervous and Cardiovascular
What are the components/organ structures of the Integumentary system?
Cutaneous membrane = Skin (epidermis and dermis) Hair follicles Hair Sebaceous Glands Sweat Glands (including mammary glands) Nails Sensory Receptors Hypodermis
What is the function of the epidermis?
To protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue
To produce vitamin D
What is the epidermis made of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Where is the most vitamin D produced in the epidermis?
In the Stratum Spinosum and the Stratum Basale
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer
What is the Papillary layer and what is it made of?
the layer below the epidermis and is the upper dermis which is made of areolar tissue
What is the Reticular layer and what is it made of?
The middle layer (deeper dermis) which is made of dense irregular connective tissue and provides nutrients and oxygen to the skin
What is the function of the dermis?
To feed the epidermis
Provide strength for the skin and it contains glands
What is the function of hair follicles?
To provide sensation through innervation
What is the function of hair?
Protection
What is the function of the sebaceous glands?
To lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis
Remove waste
What is the function of the sweat glands?
Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)
What systems is the mammary gland in?
The reproductive and integumentary (is a modified sweat gland)
What is the function of the nails?
To stiffen and protect digits
What is the function of sensory receptors?
To detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain
What is the function of the hypodermis?
To store fat and attach the skin to deeper layers
What are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscle Axial muscle Appendicular muscle Tendons Aponeuroses
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
To provide skeletal movement Control entrances and exits to the digestive, urinary and respiratory system Produce heat (shivering) Support skeleton Protect soft tissues
What is the function of axial muscles?
To provide support
The positioning of the axial skeleton
What is the function of appendicular muscles?
To support, move and brace limbs
What is the function of tendons?
Attaches muscle to bone
What is the function of aponeuroses?
Attached muscle to muscle
What are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?
Bones Cartilage Joints Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bone Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone marrow
What is the function of the bone?
To store minerals
Protection
Support
Provides a place for the muscle to attach
What is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
To protect soft tissue with some flexibility and is located in the ribs (lines chest)
What is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?
It is found in intervertebral discs and protects the vertebrae interfaces
What is in the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes:
Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thorax
Supports body weight over lower limbs
What is in the appendicular skeleton?
The limbs and supporting bones and ligaments including the arms, legs and pelvis
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
What are ligaments?
Fibrous joints that hold bones together
What are the joints?
Where two or more bones meet
Where is red bone marrow found?
In flat bones (e.g. pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs)
What is the function of the red bone marrow?
To produce red blood cells
Trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow
Redbone marrow decreases with age
Yellow bone marrow increases with age
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
In the medullary cavity of long bones
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
To store fat cells and converts to red bone marrow after major bleeding
Where are megakaryocytes found?
Redbone marrow
What is the function of megakaryocytes
To produce platelets
What are the components of the nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Special Senses Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
What is the CNS comprised of?
The brain and spinal cord
What is the function of the CNS?
It is the control centre of the body and has short term control over other systems
What system is the optic nerve apart of?
The central nervous system as it transmits visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain
What is the function of the brain?
Complex integrative activities
Controls voluntary and involuntary activities
What is the function of the spinal cord?
It relays information to and from the brain
Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)
What is the function of the special sense?
Sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium
What system are the special senses in and what is the one exception?
the PNS system except for the optic nerve which is CNS
What is the function of the PNS?
To link the CNS with other systems and sense organs
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Pineal gland Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Kidneys Pancreas Gonads
What is the function of the Pineal gland?
Controls day/night rhythms through secretion of melatonin
Where is the pineal gland located?
the brain
What is the function of the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland?
To control many other endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance
Where is the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland found?
The brain
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels
Where is the thyroid gland located?
the throat
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
To control calcium levels
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
the throat
What is the endocrine function of the thymus?
The maturation of lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Where is the thymus found?
Above the heart
What systems is the thymus in?
The endocrine and the lymphatic systems
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
Water and mineral balance (e.g. aldosterone) Tissue metabolism (cortisol) Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline)
Where is the adrenal gland located?
Above the kidneys
What is the endocrine function of the kidneys?
Red blood cell production
Blood pressure increase
Calcium levels
What systems are the kidneys in?
The endocrine and urinary
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Glucose control
The islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin to control glucose levels in the blood
What systems is the pancreas in?
The endocrine and digestive system
What is the function of the gonads?
Sexual characteristics and reproduction
Where are growth hormones (IGF) secreted from?
the anterior pituitary
What is gigantism?
a condition that results from hypersecretion of growth hormones in youth leading to a large size
What is acromegaly?
a condition that results in the enlargement of extremities by the overproduction of growth hormones in adults
What is Erythropoietin (EPO) and where does it come from?
A glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney
What is the function of Erythropoietin?
To signal for erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in bone marrow
The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B cells and T cells Lymph nodes including tonsils Spleen Thymus
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
To carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of Cardiovascular system
What is the function of lymphatic fluid?
To carry lipids (fats and fatty acids) from the gut
What is the function of B cells and T cells?
They are cells that carry out immune responses
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: Engulf pathogens
Stimulate immune response (e.g. lymphadenopathy)
What is the function of the spleen?
Monitors circulation blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle red blood cells Stimulates immune response Like are large lymph node
What is the lymphatic function of the thymus?
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) and blood
What is the function of the heart?
To propel blood and maintain blood pressure
What is the function of arteries?
To transport blood from the heart to the capillaries
What is the function of the capillaries?
Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid
What is the function of veins?
To return blood from the capillaries to the heart
What are the functions of the blood?
Transport of Oxygen and carbon dioxide Transport nutrients and hormones Remove waste Temperature regulation Defence against illness (immune cells) Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
What are the functions of the Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses?
Filter, warm, and humidify the air and detect smells
What is the function of the pharynx?
To conduct air to the larynx
What systems is the pharynx in?
The respiratory and digestive systems
What is the function of the larynx?
Protects opening to the trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalisation
What is the function of the trachea?
Conducts air
Cartilage keeps it open
What is the function of the bronchi?
Conducts air between the trachea and the lungs
What is the function of the lungs?
Air movement
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli
Acid-base control
What are the components of the digestive system?
Oral Cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine Anus
What is the function of the oral cavity?
breaks up food working with teeth and tongue
What is the function of salivary glands?
Buffers and lubricant
Enzymes and begin digestion
What is the digestive function of the pharynx?
Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus Chamber shared with Resp system
What is the function of the oesophagus?
to deliver food to the stomach
What is the function of the stomach?
Secretes acid, Enzymes and Hormones to digest food
What is the function of the small intestine?
Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients (most in the body)
What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile and regulates nutrients in the blood
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Concentrates bile
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
Digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells
What is the function of the large intestine?
Water removal
What is the function of the anus?
Water storage and removal
What are the three salivary glands?
Sublingual gland (front) Submandibular gland (middle) Parotoid gland (back)
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
What is the urinary function of the kidneys?
Form and concentrate urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume and blood pressure
Endocrine function (production of blood cells and mineral balance)
What is the function of the ureters?
Conducts urine to the bladder
What is the function of the bladder?
Stores urine prior to elimination
What is the urinary function of the urethra?
Conducts urine to exterior
What systems is the urethra in?
Urinary and reproductive
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra Penis Scrotum
What is the function of the testes?
Produce sperm
What systems are the testes in?
The reproductive and endocrine system
What is the function of the Epididymis?
Sperm maturation
What is the function of Ductus deferens?
The tube that receives sperm from the epididymis
What is the function of the seminal glands?
Secretion of seminal fluid
What is the function of the prostate glands?
Secretion of seminal fluid
What is the reproductive function of the urethra?
to take sperm to the exterior
What is the function of the penis?
transport sperm and protective fluid (semen)
What is the function of the scrotum?
thermal control of the testes
What is the reproductive function of the ovaries?
to produce oocytes and hormones
What systems are the ovaries in?
Endocrine and reproductive
What is the function of the uterine (or fallopian) tubes?
Delivers oocyte from ovary to uterine cavity
It is the location of fertilisation
What is the function of the uterus?
Embryonic development
What is the function of the vagina and external genitalia?
Lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal
What is the reproductive function of the mammary glands?
Nutrition for newborns
