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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues: Body Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues: Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

Atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body

eg. C, H, O, DNA and glucose

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2
Q

What is the cellular level?

A

Molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body (over 200 types)

eg. muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells

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3
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. There are four main types

eg. muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial

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4
Q

What is the organ level?

A

Organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function

eg. stomach, skin, bones and heart

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5
Q

What is the system level?

A

A system has related organs working within it to carry out a common function

eg. the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

all the parts of the body that make a living organism

eg. the individual

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7
Q

What are the eleven systems of the body?

A

MURDERS LINC
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lympathic (and immune), Integumentary, Nervous and Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the Integumentary system?

A 
Cutaneous membrane = Skin (epidermis and dermis)
Hair follicles
Hair
Sebaceous Glands
Sweat Glands (including mammary glands)
Nails
Sensory Receptors 
Hypodermis
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9
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

To protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue

To produce vitamin D

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10
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Where is the most vitamin D produced in the epidermis?

A

In the Stratum Spinosum and the Stratum Basale

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer

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13
Q

What is the Papillary layer and what is it made of?

A

the layer below the epidermis and is the upper dermis which is made of areolar tissue

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14
Q

What is the Reticular layer and what is it made of?

A

The middle layer (deeper dermis) which is made of dense irregular connective tissue and provides nutrients and oxygen to the skin

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15
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

To feed the epidermis

Provide strength for the skin and it contains glands

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16
Q

What is the function of hair follicles?

A

To provide sensation through innervation

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17
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

To lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis

Remove waste

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19
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)

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20
Q

What systems is the mammary gland in?

A

The reproductive and integumentary (is a modified sweat gland)

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21
Q

What is the function of the nails?

A

To stiffen and protect digits

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22
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

To detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

To store fat and attach the skin to deeper layers

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24
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?

A 
Skeletal muscle
Axial muscle
Appendicular muscle
Tendons
Aponeuroses
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25
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
``` To provide skeletal movement Control entrances and exits to the digestive, urinary and respiratory system Produce heat (shivering) Support skeleton Protect soft tissues ```
26
What is the function of axial muscles?
To provide support | The positioning of the axial skeleton
27
What is the function of appendicular muscles?
To support, move and brace limbs
28
What is the function of tendons?
Attaches muscle to bone
29
What is the function of aponeuroses?
Attached muscle to muscle
30
What are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?
``` Bones Cartilage Joints Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bone Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone marrow ```
31
What is the function of the bone?
To store minerals Protection Support Provides a place for the muscle to attach
32
What is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
To protect soft tissue with some flexibility and is located in the ribs (lines chest)
33
What is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?
It is found in intervertebral discs and protects the vertebrae interfaces
34
What is in the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes: Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments
35
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thorax Supports body weight over lower limbs
36
What is in the appendicular skeleton?
The limbs and supporting bones and ligaments including the arms, legs and pelvis
37
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
38
What are ligaments?
Fibrous joints that hold bones together
39
What are the joints?
Where two or more bones meet
40
Where is red bone marrow found?
In flat bones (e.g. pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs)
41
What is the function of the red bone marrow?
To produce red blood cells
42
Trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow
Redbone marrow decreases with age | Yellow bone marrow increases with age
43
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
In the medullary cavity of long bones
44
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
To store fat cells and converts to red bone marrow after major bleeding
45
Where are megakaryocytes found?
Redbone marrow
46
What is the function of megakaryocytes
To produce platelets
47
What are the components of the nervous system?
``` The central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Special Senses Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) ```
48
What is the CNS comprised of?
The brain and spinal cord
49
What is the function of the CNS?
It is the control centre of the body and has short term control over other systems
50
What system is the optic nerve apart of?
The central nervous system as it transmits visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain
51
What is the function of the brain?
Complex integrative activities | Controls voluntary and involuntary activities
52
What is the function of the spinal cord?
It relays information to and from the brain Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)
53
What is the function of the special sense?
Sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium
54
What system are the special senses in and what is the one exception?
the PNS system except for the optic nerve which is CNS
55
What is the function of the PNS?
To link the CNS with other systems and sense organs
56
What are the components of the endocrine system?
``` Pineal gland Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Kidneys Pancreas Gonads ```
57
What is the function of the Pineal gland?
Controls day/night rhythms through secretion of melatonin
58
Where is the pineal gland located?
the brain
59
What is the function of the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland?
To control many other endocrine glands Regulates growth Fluid balance
60
Where is the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland found?
The brain
61
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels
62
Where is the thyroid gland located?
the throat
63
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
To control calcium levels
64
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
the throat
65
What is the endocrine function of the thymus?
The maturation of lymphocytes (white blood cells)
66
Where is the thymus found?
Above the heart
67
What systems is the thymus in?
The endocrine and the lymphatic systems
68
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
``` Water and mineral balance (e.g. aldosterone) Tissue metabolism (cortisol) Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline) ```
69
Where is the adrenal gland located?
Above the kidneys
70
What is the endocrine function of the kidneys?
Red blood cell production Blood pressure increase Calcium levels
71
What systems are the kidneys in?
The endocrine and urinary
72
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Glucose control | The islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin to control glucose levels in the blood
73
What systems is the pancreas in?
The endocrine and digestive system
74
What is the function of the gonads?
Sexual characteristics and reproduction
75
Where are growth hormones (IGF) secreted from?
the anterior pituitary
76
What is gigantism?
a condition that results from hypersecretion of growth hormones in youth leading to a large size
77
What is acromegaly?
a condition that results in the enlargement of extremities by the overproduction of growth hormones in adults
78
What is Erythropoietin (EPO) and where does it come from?
A glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney
79
What is the function of Erythropoietin?
To signal for erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in bone marrow The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen
80
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
``` Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B cells and T cells Lymph nodes including tonsils Spleen Thymus ```
81
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
To carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of Cardiovascular system
82
What is the function of lymphatic fluid?
To carry lipids (fats and fatty acids) from the gut
83
What is the function of B cells and T cells?
They are cells that carry out immune responses
84
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Monitor composition of lymph Defence: Engulf pathogens Stimulate immune response (e.g. lymphadenopathy)
85
What is the function of the spleen?
``` Monitors circulation blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle red blood cells Stimulates immune response Like are large lymph node ```
86
What is the lymphatic function of the thymus?
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
87
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) and blood
88
What is the function of the heart?
To propel blood and maintain blood pressure
89
What is the function of arteries?
To transport blood from the heart to the capillaries
90
What is the function of the capillaries?
Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid
91
What is the function of veins?
To return blood from the capillaries to the heart
92
What are the functions of the blood?
``` Transport of Oxygen and carbon dioxide Transport nutrients and hormones Remove waste Temperature regulation Defence against illness (immune cells) Acid-base balance (-HCO3) ```
93
What are the components of the respiratory system?
``` Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs ```
94
What are the functions of the Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses?
Filter, warm, and humidify the air and detect smells
95
What is the function of the pharynx?
To conduct air to the larynx
96
What systems is the pharynx in?
The respiratory and digestive systems
97
What is the function of the larynx?
Protects opening to the trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalisation
98
What is the function of the trachea?
Conducts air | Cartilage keeps it open
99
What is the function of the bronchi?
Conducts air between the trachea and the lungs
100
What is the function of the lungs?
Air movement Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli Acid-base control
101
What are the components of the digestive system?
``` Oral Cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine Anus ```
102
What is the function of the oral cavity?
breaks up food working with teeth and tongue
103
What is the function of salivary glands?
Buffers and lubricant | Enzymes and begin digestion
104
What is the digestive function of the pharynx?
Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus Chamber shared with Resp system
105
What is the function of the oesophagus?
to deliver food to the stomach
106
What is the function of the stomach?
Secretes acid, Enzymes and Hormones to digest food
107
What is the function of the small intestine?
Digestive enzymes Buffers and hormones Absorbs nutrients (most in the body)
108
What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile and regulates nutrients in the blood
109
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Concentrates bile
110
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
Digestive enzymes Buffers Endocrine cells
111
What is the function of the large intestine?
Water removal
112
What is the function of the anus?
Water storage and removal
113
What are the three salivary glands?
``` Sublingual gland (front) Submandibular gland (middle) Parotoid gland (back) ```
114
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
115
What is the urinary function of the kidneys?
Form and concentrate urine Regulate pH and ions Blood volume and blood pressure Endocrine function (production of blood cells and mineral balance)
116
What is the function of the ureters?
Conducts urine to the bladder
117
What is the function of the bladder?
Stores urine prior to elimination
118
What is the urinary function of the urethra?
Conducts urine to exterior
119
What systems is the urethra in?
Urinary and reproductive
120
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
``` Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra Penis Scrotum ```
121
What is the function of the testes?
Produce sperm
122
What systems are the testes in?
The reproductive and endocrine system
123
What is the function of the Epididymis?
Sperm maturation
124
What is the function of Ductus deferens?
The tube that receives sperm from the epididymis
125
What is the function of the seminal glands?
Secretion of seminal fluid
126
What is the function of the prostate glands?
Secretion of seminal fluid
127
What is the reproductive function of the urethra?
to take sperm to the exterior
128
What is the function of the penis?
transport sperm and protective fluid (semen)
129
What is the function of the scrotum?
thermal control of the testes
130
What is the reproductive function of the ovaries?
to produce oocytes and hormones
131
What systems are the ovaries in?
Endocrine and reproductive
132
What is the function of the uterine (or fallopian) tubes?
Delivers oocyte from ovary to uterine cavity | It is the location of fertilisation
133
What is the function of the uterus?
Embryonic development
134
What is the function of the vagina and external genitalia?
Lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal
135
What is the reproductive function of the mammary glands?
Nutrition for newborns

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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