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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues: Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues: Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue description

A

tissue that is made of contractile cells (muscle fibres) that contract to make body parts move and generates heat

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2
Q

What is muscle tissue comprised of?

A

It is made up of elongated cells (muscle cells or muscle fibres or myocytes)

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3
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

To use energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to generate contractile forces, producing body movements, maintains posture and generates heat

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle (these comprise more than 50% of body tissue mass)

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5
Q

Where are skeletal muscle attached?

A

To bones via tendons

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6
Q

What is skeletal muscle comprised of?

A

Long, cylindrical fibres in the tissue that make it look striated. It is also multinucleated (many peripheral nuclei pushed to the side)

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7
Q

The function of skeletal muscle?

A

Motion, posture, heat production and protection

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8
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary?

A

It is considered voluntary because contraction and relaxation are under conscious control. However, some things like posture are not voluntary

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9
Q

What is the stapedius and where is it located?

A

The smallest skeletal muscle in the body (1.25mm) and is located in the ear

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10
Q

What is hyperacusis?

A

Excessively sensitive hearing -

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11
Q

What is Bell’s Palsey?

A

A condition where paralysis of the facial nerve causes muscular weakness in one side of the face and hyperacusis

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12
Q

What is the sartorius and where is it located?

A

The longest skeletal muscle (60cm) which is located in the anterior region of the thigh?

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13
Q

What is the function of the sartorius?

A

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh/hip; flexes knee

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14
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Protein structures (diameter is 2 micrometres) that run the entire length of the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm), made up of filaments

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15
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm in skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

is the plasma membrane of a striated muscle fibre cell

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17
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Thin and thick filaments

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18
Q

What type of filament is Actin?

A

The thin filament in myofibrils (8 nm diam; 1-2 μm long)

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19
Q

What type of filament is myosin?

A

The thick filament in myofibrils (16 nm diam; 1-2 μm long)

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20
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle

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21
Q

What is epimysium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a muscle

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22
Q

What is perimysium?

A

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres

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23
Q

What is endomysium?

A

a layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fibre/ muscle cell. Capillaries and nerves are on this layer

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24
Q

What is the A band?

A

The dark middle area of the sarcomere, containing all thick filaments

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25
What is the I band?
Area of sarcomere containing thin filaments only
26
What is the H zone?
Area of sarcomere containing thick filaments only
27
What is the M line?
Middle of the sarcomere, holds thick filaments in place and binds to titin
28
What is the Z disc?
Provides anchorage for thin filaments (I band) and titin while also linking filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
29
What is titin?
The 'molecular spring' that links the M line to the Z disc
30
What does cardiac muscle consist of?
Fibres that join end-to-end through intercalated discs. It is striated and branched with a single central nucleus.
31
What are intercalated discs and what do they contain?
Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells, containing desmosomes and gap junctions
32
The function of desmosome in the intercalated disc
To bind intermediate filaments and provide adhesion in vigorous contractions
33
The function of gap junctions in the intercalated disc
For communication, cell co-ordination and rapid conduction throughout the heart
34
Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?
The heart wall
35
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
To pump blood to all parts of the body
36
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
Located in the walls of hollow internal structures e.g. intestines (peristalsis); blood vessel walls (constriction); Iris of the eye, reproductive; digestive; respiratory; urinary; skin erector pili
37
Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary?
No, it is involuntary
38
Is smooth muscle tissue voluntary?
No, it is involuntary
39
What is smooth muscle comprised of?
It contains bundles of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments It is short, small, spindle-shaped, about 30-200 μm long; 3-8 μm thickest in the middle Non-striated (smooth) and has a single central nucleus
40
What are dense bodies?
These are similar to Z discs which contain protein Actinin. Thin filaments (actin) and intermediate filaments attach themselves to dense bodies
41
How do smooth muscle cells twist during contraction?
The intermediate filaments are non-contractile so when the cell contracts the filaments force the cell to contract around these "stable rods" causing it to twist
42
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
Motion - the constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through the gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gallbladder
43
Nervous tissue description
tissue that contains conducting nerve cells and supportive neuroglia that carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
44
The two components of the nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
45
What is in the CNS?
Brain, spinal cord and optic nerve
46
What is in the PNS?
All other nervous tissue outside of the CNS
47
What is the role of the PNS?
Afferent division: to send information to the CNS | Efferent division: to send information from the CNS to the organs (muscles and glands)
48
Nervous system function
Maintain homeostasis(along with the endocrine system) Initiates voluntary movements Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory
49
What is the nervous tissue sensory function?
Detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS
50
What is the nervous tissue integrative function?
analysis and storing of information
51
What is the nervous tissue motor function?
stimulation of effectors (e.g. muscle and glands) through PNS
52
What does nervous tissue consist of?
Neurons and neuroglia that have both conscious and unconscious control
53
What are neurons comprised of?
a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue. NEURONS DO NOT DIVIDE and have a high metabolic rate
54
What is a dendrite?
The receiving/input part of the neuron
55
What is an axon?
carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron. It is the output portion of the neuron
56
Features of multipolar neurons
Have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon. Most common neurons in CNS All motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in this class Some of the longest (spinal cord to toe muscles)
57
Features of bipolar neurons
Two distinct processes –1 dendritic process (can branch at the tip but not at cell body) –And 1 axon Has the cell body between axon and dendrite Rare and small (30μm) Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing) relay information from receptor to neurons
58
Features of Unipolar neurons
The dendrites and axon are continuous Cell body off to one side Whole thing from where dendrites converge called an axon Most sensory nerves are unipolar Very long (1m) like motor nerves CNS-toe tip.
59
Features of an anaxonic neuron
RARE Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons Found in the brain and special sense organs
60
What are the functions of the neuroglia
``` The physical structure of nervous tissue Repair framework of nervous tissue Undertake phagocytosis Nutrient supply to Neurons Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue. ```
61
Where are neuroglia found?
in both the CNS and PNS
62
How big are neuroglia?
They are smaller than neurons but more numerous
63
Features of neuroglia
They can communicate but do not propagate action potentials and can divide in the mature nervous system
64
What is the Myelin sheath?
Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
65
What are Astrocytes?
CNS neuroglia that is responsible for the support and repair of neurons. They maintain the environment around neurons through maintaining the blood-brain barrier, regulate ions, influence the permeability of vessels
66
What are Gliotransmitters?
Method of communication between astrocytes and neurons
67
What are Ependymal cells?
CNS neuroglia that produces Cerebrospinal fluid, line ventricles in the brain, contain cilia for movement and microvilli for sampling and monitoring
68
The function of Cerebrospinal fluid?
A mechanical buffer that moves nutrients and waste
69
What are Oligodendrocytes?
Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath. These can myelinate more than one neuron cell's axon at a time.
70
What are Microglia?
Phagocytic glia that provides protection
71
What are the two cells in the PNS?
Schwann cells and Satellite cells
72
What are Schwann cells?
PNS glia that can form the myelin sheath for one axon, or provide support for multiple non-myelinated axons
73
What are satellite cells?
PNS cells that surround the neurons to provide support and help with fluid exchange

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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