Special Topics

Question 1

Stage 1 pressure ulcer

Answer 1

• Skin is intact

- Non blanchable redness

Question 2

Stage 2 pressure ulcer

Answer 2

• partial thickness
• Shallow open wound with red/pink wound bed
• No slough present (white/yellow dead tissue)

Question 3

Stage 3 pressure ulcer

Answer 3

• full thickness skin loss
• Subcutaneous fat may be visible
• Bone, tendon, and muscle are NOT visible
• Slough may be present but able to see depth of injury
• May have undermining and or tunneling

Question 4

stage 4 pressure injury

Answer 4

• Exposed bone, tendon or muscle
• Presence of slough or eschar
• Often includes tunneling and undermining

Question 5

unstageable

Answer 5

full thickness skin loss, depth unknown

Question 6

deep tissue injury

Answer 6

depth unknown

Discolored, intact skin or blood filled blister from pressure or shear

Question 7

Gait speed interpretation for ambulation status

Answer 7

• ≤ 0.4 m/s = household walker
• 0.4 - 0.8 m/s = limited community ambulator
• 0.8 - 1.2 m/s = community ambulator
• ≥ 1.2 m/s = cross street and normal walking speed

Question 8

Meningiomas

Answer 8

• Benign tumors that arise from the meninges of the brain or SC
• Grow slowly and reach a large size before affecting function

Question 9

Gliomas

Answer 9

• Tumors that arises from any of the glial cells of the brain
• astrocytoma, oligodendrocytoma, ependymomas

Question 10

Grade 1 tumor

Answer 10

• Benign / non cancerous
• Slow growing
• Usually associated with long term survival
• Rare in adults

Question 11

Grade 2 tumor

Answer 11

• Relatively slow growing
• May spread to nearby healthy tissues
• May be recurring as grade 2 or higher grade tumor

Question 12

Grade 3 tumor

Answer 12

-Malignant / cancerous
-Actively reproduces abnormal cells
-Spreads to nearby tissues
If removed, they often returns as a higher grade tumor

Question 13

Grade 4 tumor

Answer 13

• Most malignant
• Fast growing
• Easily spread to normal tissue
• Tumor has the ability to form new blood vessels to maintain rapid growth
• Tumor has areas of dead cells in the center

Question 14

Signs and symptoms of CNS tumor in brain

Answer 14

• Brain: increased ICP (HA, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, balance problem, personality changes, sz, drowsiness), impairments based on location

Question 15

Signs and symptoms of CNS tumor in the SC

Answer 15

• SC: UMN and LMN signs nerve root pain, B&B changes

Question 16

birth - 3 months

Answer 16

• Alternates kicking legs while on back
• Produces cooing sounds
• Begins to develop smile and imitates facial expression
• 2 months: Able to hold head at 45 degrees in prone
• Begins to hold head in midline and track objects with eyes
• Primitive reflexes are still present

Question 17

4 - 6 months

Answer 17

• Able to roll to side and able to roll tummy to back (4-5 months)
• Able to roll back to tummy (6 months)
• Bears weight on elbow/ hands while on tummy
• Begins to sit without arms for brief periods
• Begins to imitate sounds
• May begin eating cereal or pureed foods
• Postural reflexes develop

Question 18

7 - 9 months

Answer 18

• Able to sit independently
• Begins to creep (hands and knees) as primary means of –Pull to stand with arms
• Uncontrolled drop from stand to sit
• Able to drop objects on purpose
• Inferior pincer grasp
• Begins to look at familiar objects when named
• Thumb more active in grasping
• 9 months: Cruises along furniture

Question 19

10 -12 months

Answer 19

• Lowers self from standing with legs
• Begins to playin squat position
• May take first steps with wide base
• Able to kneel independently
• Begins to use objects appropriately
• Fine pincer grasp
• Finger feeds self

Question 20

13 -15 months

Answer 20

• Beings to walk
• Can stack two objects
• Begins using spoon
• Scribbles

Question 21

16 - 19 months

Answer 21

• Walks up steps with HHA and 2 feet to step
• Walks backwards
• Removes clothing
• Drinks from cup unassisted
• Stacks 4 objects
• Can kick stationary ball
• Carries toys while walking

Question 22

20 -23 months

Answer 22

• Can walk down steps with HHA and 2 feet per step
• Jumps in place
• Shows strong independence
• Imitates domestic tasks
• Stacks 6 objects

Question 23

2 years old

Answer 23

• Jumps on 2 feet
• Handedness established
• Uses fork
• Follows 2 step commands
• 2 work phrases

Question 24

3 years old

Answer 24

• Ascends stairs with alternating feet
• Pedals tricycle
• Turns pages of books
• Toilet trained

Question 25

4 years old

Answer 25

• Hops on one foot
• Descends stairs with alternating feet
• Able to do buttons
• Tells stories

Question 26

5 years old

Answer 26

• Skips
• Balances on one foot for 10 seconds
• Draw a person
• Tripod pencil grasp
• Independent in all ADLs

Question 27

Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2)

Answer 27

• norm-referenced and criterion-referenced
• birth (full term) - 7 yo
• Assesses gross and fine motor skills

Question 28

Gross motor function measure (GMFM)

Answer 28

• Criterion- referenced
• 5 months - 16 years old
• Used to detect change over time in children in CP. Also validated for down syndrome
• Assesses gross motor skills

Question 29

Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOTMP)

Answer 29

• Norm referenced
• 4.5 - 14.5 yo
• Assesses gross and fine motor skills (no cognitive testing)