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Neuro > Special Senses Hearing And Vestibular > Flashcards

Special Senses Hearing And Vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Impedance matching: the sound wave has been moving through air, but then it moves in liquid

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2
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

The cochlea converts the sound waves to action potentials

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3
Q

The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are continuous, fluid-filled compartments. What is the fluid inside?

A

Perilymph

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4
Q

What is perilymph similar to?

A

ECF

Has high Na+ and low K+

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5
Q

The basilar and Reissner’s membranes create a chamber (___) that is isolated from the perilymph. It contains endolymph, which is composed of what?

A

Scala media
High in K+
Low in Na+

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6
Q

What effect does endolymph have?

A

Composition of endolymph has a significant effect on the transduction of sound waves in action potentials

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7
Q

Compare and contrast perilymph and endolymph

A

Perilymph

  • found in scala vestibuli and scala tympani
  • most similar to ECF/CSF
  • high in sodium, low in potassium

Endolymph

  • found in scala media
  • most similar to intracellular fluid
  • high in potassium, low in sodium
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8
Q

What transmit and amplify sound waves from tympanic membrane to oval window of cochlea

A

Ossicles

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9
Q

What causes the basilar membrane to vibrate at the same frequency of the sound?

A

In the inner ear, impact of the stapes on oval window

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10
Q

Describe high frequency and maximum vibration

A

High frequency (short wavelength) sounds cause the maximum vibration of basilar membrane closest to oval window

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11
Q

Describe low frequency and maximum vibration

A

Low frequency (long wavelength) sounds cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane farthest away from the oval window

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12
Q

Describe hair cells

A

Each hair cell is composed is composed of a distinct arrangement of shorter stereocilia (not true cilia) that increase in length.
Each stereocilia is connected to another at the top by an extracellular filamentous protein called tip link

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13
Q

What is the kinocilium?

A

Single true cilium during development that degenerates at birth
Tallest of the “hairs” on the hair cell

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14
Q

What happens if, during transduction, the stereocilia are bent towards the kinocilium?

A

The hair cell depolarizes

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15
Q

What happens if, during transduction, the stereocilia move away from the kinocilium?

A

Hair cell hyperpolarizes

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16
Q

Bending the hair cells towards the kinocilium opens ___

A

Potassium channels that depolarize the cell
Due to composition of the endolymph, potassium enter the hair cells and causes it to depolarize. Calcium is also involved

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17
Q

Describe the process by which sound waves are transmitted in the ear and converted to action potentials

A

Sounds waves are funneled into the ear by external ear
The middle ear ossicles are required to generate enough force to cause the water-filled cochlea to vibrate at the frequency of the sound (impendance matching)
In the cochlea, the vibration of the basilar membrane is determined by frequency of sound
High frequency sounds are near base of basilar membrane
Low frequency sounds are at the tip
Vibration causes bending of the hair cells
Depolarization of the hair cells is produced by influx of potassium and probably calcium

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18
Q

What does the ventral path do?

A

Starts processing of temporal and spectral features of sound

19
Q

What does the dorsal path do?

A

Integrates the acoustic information with somatosensory information for localizing sound

20
Q

What does the medial superior olive do?

A

Generates a map of intraaural time differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently)

21
Q

What does the lateral superior olive do?

A

Generate a map of the intra-aural intensity differences

22
Q

What does the inferior colliculus do?

A

Suppresses information related to echoes (they interfere with location) and arrives at a final estimation of the sound location on the horizon

23
Q

What does the superior colliculus do?

A

Takes the location data from inferior colliculus and adds the third dimension (vertical height) to create a spatial map of the sound’s location

24
Q

In the primary auditory cortex (A1), what are the rostral and caudal areas activated by?

A

More rostral areas are activated by low frequency sounds

More caudal areas receive information about high frequency sounds

25
Q

Compare ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei

A

Ventral: nature of sound (high, low)
Dorsal: location of sound

26
Q

Compare medial and lateral superior olives

A

Medial: differences in time of arrival to ears
Lateral: differences in intensity

27
Q

Compare primary auditory cortex (A1) vs associated auditory cortical areas

A

A1: tonotopic map, beginning to know what sound is

Associated auditory: processing of complex sounds (music), identification of sound (naming), speech

28
Q

Compare and contrast linear versus rotational/angular acceleration

A

Linear acceleration

  • moving along a line
  • horizontally (walking)
  • vertically (jumping)

Angular/rotational acceleration

  • motion includes rotation/spinning/turning
  • spin around axis (spinning hook kick)
  • fall forward/backward
29
Q

Where are endolymph and perilymph for vestibular system?

A

Endolymph (high K+) in semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule
Perilymph (high Na+) surrounds the vestibular apparatus

30
Q

What does utricle detect?

A

Linear motion occurring in the horizontal plane

31
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

Vertical acceleration

32
Q

What does the horizontal semicircular canal detect?

A

Spinning/turning motion

33
Q

What does the posterior semicircular canal detect?

A

Falling backward

34
Q

What does the anterior semicircular canal detect?

A

Falling forward

35
Q

What is specialized for activating the semicircular canals?

A

Ampulla

36
Q

What is specialized for activating the utricle and saccule (otolith organs)?

A

Macula

37
Q

Compare and contrast the forces that activate the different parts of the vestibular apparatus

A

Anterior semicircular canal: falling forward
Horizontal semicircular canal: spinning
Posterior semicircular canal: falling backward
Utricle: walking forward
Saccule: jumping up and down

In all cases

  • the motion starts endolymph moving
  • causing bending of hair cells
  • initiating action potentials
38
Q

If the anterior semicircular canal is active, what eye muscle is activated?

A

Superior rectus muscle is activated, while the inferior rectus muscle is inhibited
Eyes move up to continue to focus as person falls foward

39
Q

If the posterior semicircular canal is active, what eye muscle is activated?

A

Superior oblique muscle is activated, while inferior oblique is inhibited.
Eyes moved down as person falls backward

40
Q

If the horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal is active, what eye muscle is activated?

A

Medial rectus muscle is activated, while the lateral rectus muscle is inhibited (in the eye ipsilateral to rotation)
The contralateral eye activates the lateral rectus and inhibits the medial rectus
Eyes move left or right to continue to focus as person spins

41
Q

Describe vestibule-optic reflexes and describe when specific ocular muscles become active in response to angular/rotational accerlation

A

Goal: maintain focus on a point of horizon in front until impossible to do so
If falling forward, eyes go up (superior rectus)
If falling backward, eyes go down (superior oblique)
If spinning, depends on direction of turn (medial and lateral rectus)

42
Q

What is the involvement of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in integration of vestibular information and control of gaze?

A

Suppress the reflex to allow for voluntary motion

43
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

Funnel sound waves into ear

Neuro (13 decks)

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