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Embryo Of Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cartilaginous component of the viscerocranium

A

First branchial arch (Meckel’s)
Second branchial arch (Reichert’s)
Third, fourth, and sixth branchial arch

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2
Q

Describe the membranous component of viscerocranium

A

Maxillary prominences of first branchial arch

Mandibular prominence of first branchial arch

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3
Q

Describe Apert Syndrome

A

Premature fusion of coronal sutures (craniosynotosis)
Causes skull deformities: acrocephalic (“tower skull”) appearance
Affects growth of brain

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4
Q

Describe the fontanelles

A

Anterior
Posterior
Anterolateral (sphenoidal)
Posterolateral (occipital)

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5
Q

Describe cranioschisis (acrania)

A

Represents failure of occipital and parietal bones to completely form or close
Usually associated with arrested brain development and rudimentary forebrain (anacephaly)

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6
Q

Describe microcephaly

A

Small cranium due to early fusion of cranial sutures

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7
Q

Describe macrocephaly

A

Enlarged cranium secondary to hydrocephaly

Early fusion of superior cranial sutures may result in a conical cranium

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8
Q

What is the most important event of development? Describe it

A

Gastrulation
Formation of trilaminar embryo
Cells come fro the epiblast

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9
Q

What occurs during the 4th week for primitive mouth and pharynx development?

A

Primitive pharynx induces evagination of ectoderm to form stomadaeum
Induced by rostral foregut entoderm

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10
Q

What separates the stomodeum from the endodermal foregut?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane (old prochordal plate)

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11
Q

The stomodeum is surrounded by five facial swellings which include what and what are they formed by?

A

Frontal (frontonasal) prominence (unpaired)
Maxillary prominences of arch I
Mandibular prominences of arch I
They are formed by mounds of mesenchyme and their overlying ectoderm

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12
Q

A portion of the skin ectoderm in the frontal (frontonasal prominence) thickens to form what?

A

Nasal placodes

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13
Q

What are formed by the proliferation of the mesenchyme beneath the medial and lateral edges of the nasal placodes?

A

Nasal prominences

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14
Q

What does the lateral nasal prominence form?

A

Alae of nose

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15
Q

What does the medial nasal prominence form?

A

Middle part of nose
Medial upper lip
Philtrum

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16
Q

What forms the primary palate?

A

Posterior (palatal) portion of intermaxillary segment

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17
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

Midline down growth of fused medial nasal prominences

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18
Q

Nasal placodes invaginate to form ____, which enlarge into ____. Remaining space between this and oral cavity is ____, which ruptures to open nasopharynx to oropharynx

A

Nasal pits
Nasal sacs
Oronasal membrane

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19
Q

When does development of the face occur?

A

Weeks 5-10

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20
Q

Describe the nasolacrimal groove

A

Oblique furrow created between lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

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21
Q

The ectoderm in the floor of the nasolacrimal groove thickens to form a cord. This cord separates from the surface and canalizes to form ___

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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22
Q

Describe the development of an oblique facial cleft

A

Due to failure of lateral nasal prominences and maxillary prominences to fuse.
Often associated with cleft chin and partial fusion of mandibular prominences
Nasolacrimal duct is exposed

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23
Q

What happens when the lateral nasal prominences and maxillary prominences fail to fuse?

A

Oblique facial cleft

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24
Q

What do maxillary prominences form?

A

Lateral parts of upper lip and jaw

Secondary palate or palatine shelves

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25
Describe formation of muscles of facial expression (mimetic muscles)
Mesenchyme from branchial arch II invade into maxillary and mandibular swellings (arch I)
26
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
Special visceral efferent (SVE) fibers from facial nerve (VII)
27
Special visceral efferent fibers innervate muscles of ___ origin
Branchiomeric
28
Pair branchial arches to their nerves
Arch I: trigeminal n Arch II: facial n Arch III: glossopharyngeal n Arch IV: vagus n
29
What are muscles of mastication derived from?
Mesenchyme of arch I
30
What innervates muscles of mastication?
SVE fibers from mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
31
The ectoderm of facial swellings are innervated by what nerve?
Trigeminal n
32
The ophthalmic nerve (V1) supplies what?
GSA fibers to skin of frontonasal prominence
33
The maxillary nerve (V2) supplies what?
GSA fibers to skin of maxillary prominence
34
Mandibular nerve (V3) supplies what?
GSA fibers to skin of mandibular prominence
35
Mandibular prominence form what? What if they partially or completely fail to fuse?
Lower jaw and lip | Failure can result in cleft chin
36
Medial nasal prominences fuse as ____ to form ___ and ___
Intermaxillary process Nasal septum Primary palate
37
Oronasal membrane separates nasal sacs from primitive oral cavity. It breaks down to form ____
Primitive choanae
38
Describe the incisive foramen
Marks boundary between junction of primary and secondary palates Also distinguishes anterior from posterior cleft deformities
39
Describe anterior cleft deformity
Results from failure of medial nasal and maxillary swellings to fuse
40
Describe posterior cleft deformity
Results if palatine shelves do not fuse during development
41
Describe median cleft lip and bifid nose
Failure of medial nasal prominences to fuse | Rare, may be autosomal recessive
42
Describe macrostomia and microstomia
Dysfusion of maxillary and mandibular swellings
43
What causes bilateral cleft defect?
Failure of intermaxillary segment to form
44
List some holoprosencephalic defects of midface. Cause?
Cyclopia and extreme reduction of midface Cebocephaly: single nostril Absence of nose and hypoterlorism Caused by fetal alcohol syndrome
45
Describe the formation of branchial arches
Induced by neural crest migration into head and neck region Each arch contains artery, nerve, muscle, and cartilage rod (will develop into bones/cartilages of lower face/neck) Mesodermal core of arch is derived from intraembryonic mesoderm
46
Match GSA, GVA, and SVE to germ layer
GSA: sensory to ectoderm (skin) GVA: sensory to endoerm (like pharyngeal mucosa) SVE: motor to skeletal muscles of branchiomeric origin
47
What muscles form from branchial arch I?
*Muscles of mastication* Anterior digastric Tensor tympani Tensor palatini
48
What nerve innervates branchial arch I?
Trigeminal (V)
49
What skeletal structures develop from branchial arch I?
``` *Incus, malleus* Maxilla Mandible Meckel's cartilage Anterior mallear ligament Sphenomandibular ligament ```
50
What is the artery of branchial arch I?
None. Degenerates
51
What develops from the branchial groove of arch I?
Tympanic membrane | External auditory meatus
52
What muscles develop from arch II?
*Mimetic muscles (facial expression)* Posterior digastric Stapedius Stylohyoid
53
What nerve innervates arch II?
Facial (VII)
54
What skeletal structures develop form arch II?
*Stapes* *Hyoid (lesser cornu)* Reichert's cartilage Styloid process Stylohyoid ligament
55
Artery for arch II?
Degenerates
56
What forms from the groove for arch II?
Anomalous cyst or fistulas
57
What muscles develop from arch III?
Stylopharyngeus
58
What nerve innervates arch III?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
59
What skeletal structures form from arch III?
Hyoid (body and greater cornu)
60
What artery is derived from arch III?
Stem of internal carotid arteries
61
What forms from groove for arch III?
Cervical sinus (?)
62
What muscles derive from arch IV?
Pharyngeal muscles | Laryngeal muscles
63
What nerve innervates arch IV?
Vagus (X)
64
What skeletal structure develops from arch IV?
Laryngeal cartilages
65
What arteries develop from arch IV?
Left: aortic arch Right: subclavian
66
What can form from the groove for arch IV?
Cervical sinus (?)
67
What nerve innervates arch VI?
Recurrent laryngeal n (Vagus)
68
Describe Treacher Collins Syndrome
First arch syndrome Impaired growth of midface Deformities may include small chin, enlarged nose, cleft palate, and cleft lip About 40-50% experience some conductive hearing loss due to underdevelopment of ossicles and usually affects both ears equally
69
Describe formation and development of primitive pharynx
Formed by rostral dilation of foregut Develops four pairs of lateral diverticulae called pharyngeal pouches Pouches are in between arches (1st pouch between 1st and 2nd arches, etc)
70
Describe branchial membranes
Endodermal pouches extend laterally and contact ectoderm of branchial grooves
71
The first branchial membrane persists as the ___
Tympanic membrane (pouch I)
72
What are derivatives from the first branchial pouch?
*Eustachian tube* *Tympanic cavity* Mastoid air cells Tongue (body)
73
What are the derivatives from the second branchial pouch?
*Palatine tonsils* *Tongue (root) Pharyngeal tonsil Lingual tonsil
74
What are the derivatives from the third branchial pouch?
Inferior parathyroid gland Ventral portion: thymus Tongue
75
What are the derivatives from the fourth branchial pouch?
Superior parathyroid gland Ultimobranchial body Parafollicular cells (thyroid gland)
76
What are the fates of the pharyngeal clefts?
First cleft: external auditory meatus | Second arch expands and fuses with cardiac eminance to cover remaining clefts (transient cervical sinus)
77
Describe abnormal cysts produced by lateral cervical sinus or first pharyngeal cleft
Isolated cervical cyst Cervical cyst with external fistula Cervical cyst with internal fistula Cervical cyst with both internal and external fistula
78
Describe aural cysts
May form anterior to ear | Anomalous derivatives of first pharyngeal cleft
79
Describe lateral cervical cysts
Located anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle
80
Describe development of thyroid gland
Thyroid diverticulum evaginates and descends in neck (partially attributable to tongue growth) Initially, thyroglossal duct connected migrating thyroid to tongue at foramen cecum Diverticulum solidifies, and lobes bud off Some glandular ofter persists along midline as pyramidal lobe
81
Describe remnants of early migration of thyroglossal duct
Thyroglossal duct cysts and sinuses may develop | Remnants may also include ectopic thyroid tissue
82
Describe development of anterior two-thirds of tongue
Lateral lingual swellings (arch I) overgrow median tuberculum impar and fuse in midline
83
Describe development of posterior one-third of tongue
Hypobranchial eminence (arch III) overgrows copula (arch II)
84
What innervates the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
``` Trigeminal nerve (GSA) Facial nerve (SVA taste) ```
85
What innervates the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (GVA and SVA)
86
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve (GSE)
87
Describe the neurocranium
During first 10 weeks, the cartilaginous neurocranium cradles the base of the skull. At the end of this period, the flat bones start to form membranous neurocranium

Neuro (13 decks)

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