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Neuro > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Describe middle ear

A

Tympanic cavity
Small hour-glass shaped cavity embedded in petrous temporal bone
Has ossicles

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2
Q

Describe the internal/inner ear

A

Series of interconnected fluid-filled (endolymph) ducts, tubes, sacs (membranous labyrinth) suspended within fluid-filled (perilymph) bony canals and cavities (osseous labyrinth)

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3
Q

Match air transmission, bone conduction, and fluid conduction to the parts of the ear

A

Air transmission: external auditory meatus
Bone conduction: ossicles of middle ear
Fluid conduction: inner ear

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4
Q

Describe the parts of the auricle/pinna

A

Helix: outer free margin
Lobule
Tragus and antitragus: protect external auditory meatus
Concha: central depression

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5
Q

What innervates the pinna?

A

GSA sensory fibers from auriculotemporal (V3), lesser occipital (C2-3), great auricular (C2-3)

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6
Q

What innervates the skin of the concha?

A

VII, IX, X

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the auricle?

A

Superficial temporal and posterior auricular arteries

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8
Q

Describe auricular hematoma

A

Trauma to pinna may cause hemorrhaging in subcutaneous tissue
If hematoma is not evacuated and bandaged, subsequent scar tissue may grossly deform the auricle (cauliflower ear)

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9
Q

What does the skin lining the outer 1/3 of the external auditory meatus contain? Clinical relevance?

A

Sebaceous and seruminous glands, which secrete cerumen (ear wax)
Accumulation of cerumen may be firmly adherent to epithelia of EAM and/or tympanic membrane
Causal removal of a mass of ear wax may avulse the tympanic membrane and ossicle
When infected, the furuncle is very painful due to close adhereance of skin to underlying periosteum

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10
Q

What innervates the outer epidermis or skin of the tympanic membrane?

A

GSA fibers from trigeminal and vagus nerves

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11
Q

Describe the pars tensa

A

Middle fibrous layer of the most of the tympanic membrane

Attached to fibrocartilaginous ring which rests in tympanic sulcus and manubrium of malleus

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12
Q

Describe the pars flaccida

A

Part in the antero-superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane that does not have the fibrous layer

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13
Q

What innervates the inner mucous membrane of the tympanic membrane?

A

GVA fibers of glossopharyngeal nerve via tympanic plexus

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14
Q

What is the central concavity of the tympanic membrane?

A

Umbo

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15
Q

What do the borders of the pars flaccida form? What courses through them?

A

Anterior and posterior mallear folds

Chora tympani n

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16
Q

What middle ear structures are in the superio-posterior area of the tympanic membrane?

A

Long process of incus
Stapes
Fenestra vestibuli

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17
Q

What middle ear structures are in the superio-anterior area of the tympanic membrane?

A

Auditory tube

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18
Q

What middle ear structures are in the inferio-posterior area of the tympanic membrane?

A

Fenestra cochleae

19
Q

What middle ear structures are in the inferio-anterior area of the tympanic membrane?

A

Carotid canal

20
Q

Describe otitis media

A

Inflammation of middle ear cavity that is relatively common in infants and children
May result in accumulation of fluid & mucous and decrease in hearing
More common in infants because auditory tubes are oriented horizontally which impedes drainage from tympanic cavity
Tubes are downward in adults

21
Q

Describe fractures of the petrous temporal bone

A

Severe head trauma may cause basilar skull fractures such as transverse or longitudinal fractures of temporal bone
Otorrhea, otorrhagia, vestibular disturbances, deafness, or Bell’s palsy may result
Often associated with brain trauma and considerable mortality/morbidity

22
Q

What structures are near the medial wall of the middle ear cavity?

A 
Semicanal for facial nerve
Fenestra vestibuli 
Stapes
Stapedius
Pyramid
Prominence
Tympanic plexus
Tensor tympani
Fenestra chocleae
Auditory tube
23
Q

What structures are near the lateral wall of the middle ear cavity?

A 
Epitympanic recess
Malleus
Incus
Tympani membrane
Chorda tympani
Auditory tube
Tensor tympani m
Facial n
24
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve in the ear

A

Facial nerve is NOT in middle ear
After leaving brainstem, facial nerve travels laterally in internal auditory meatus before entering facial canal
Within the canal, geniculate ganglion is located just above and medial to promontory of middle ear cavity
At the level of the ganglion, the nerve turns sharply and posteriorly as it forms external genu
After about 1.0 cm, the nerve courses downward, sends a branch to stapedius muscle, and exits stylomastoid foramen

25
Q

Where is the cochlea in relation to the facial nerve?

A

Cochlea is anterior

26
Q

What does the external ear include?

A

Auricle (pinna)

External auditory meatus

27
Q

What forms the roof of the tympanic cavity?

A

Tegmen tympani

28
Q

What forms the floor of the tympanic cavity?

A

Superior bulb of the internal jugular vein

29
Q

Describe the articulations of the malleus and relationship to chorda tympani n

A

Manubrium of malleus is attached to fibrous layer of tympanic membrane
The head articulates with incus in epitympanic space
Chorda tympani n crosses the neck of the malleus

30
Q

Describe the articulations of the incus

A

Incus is wedged between malleus and stapes
Body articulates with malleus at incudo-mallear joint
Its long crus articulates with head of stapes

31
Q

Describe the articulations of the stapes

A

Head articulates with long crus of incus
Anterior and posterior crura connect head to footplate
Footplate articulates with fenestra vestibuli

32
Q

Describe otosclerosis

A

Ossification or scarring of small ossicular joints that prevents transmission of sound from tympanic membrane to fenestra vestibuli
May result in significant hearing impairment
Typically, tests for bone conduction are normal, but nerve conduction is reduced

33
Q

Describe location of tensor tympani muscle

A

Located in semicanal above auditory tube, from which it arises
Its tendon loops laterally around processus cochleariformis and inserts on handle of malleus

34
Q

What innervates tensor tympani muscle?

A

Branch of mandibular nerve (V)

35
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani muslce?

A

Tightens tympanic membrane and attenuates its vibrations

36
Q

Describe location of stapedius muscle

A

Located in pyramid on posterior wall of middle ear cavity

Its tendon exits a minute opening at apex of pyramid and inserts on neck of stapes

37
Q

What innervates the stapedius muscle?

A

Facial nerve

38
Q

What is the action of the stapedius muscle?

A

Pulls stapes out of fenestra vestibuli

This is a protective mechanism to prevent excessive movement of stapes due to loud sound

39
Q

What is the blood supply to the middle ear cavity?

A

Stylomastoid branch of posterior auricular artery

Anterior tympanic artery

40
Q

What are the functions of the inner ear?

A

Cochlear receptors for hearing
Receptors in semicircular ducts: detect angular acceleration
Receptors in sacculus and utricle: detect linear acceleration

41
Q

What does the cochlear division of VIII nerve innervate?

A

Organ of Corti (spiral organ)

Conveys auditory information

42
Q

What does the vestibular division of VIII nerve innervate?

A

Maculae utricle, saccule, and cristae ampullaris of semicircular ducts
Conveys static and dynamic position-sense information for equilibrium

43
Q

What is the blood supply to the inner ear? Clinical relevance?

A

Labyrinthine artery, which a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Arteriosclerosis of this artery may result in vertigo, nausea, and other inner ear abnormalities

44
Q

What does the cochlear (VIIIc) nerve pass through?

A

Bony core of cochlea called modiolus

Neuro (13 decks)

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