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Path 425 > special senses- eyes > Flashcards

special senses- eyes Flashcards

1
Q

anterior uveitis is

A

inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

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2
Q

endophthalmitis is

A

inflammation of the uvea and three ocular chambers

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3
Q

hypopyon is

A

accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin that settles ventrally in the anterior chamber

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4
Q

hyphema is

A

accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber

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5
Q

what is the ABCDE of the cornea layers

A

anterior epithelium
bowmans membrane
corneal stroma
descemets membrane
endothelium

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6
Q

true or false large animals have potentially twice the corneal layers as small animals

A

true, small 5-7, large 8-15

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7
Q

how does the cornea remain in a dehydrated state

A

passively through intracellular junctions and actively through solute pumps in the endothelium

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8
Q

how does response vary between a shallow ulceration and chronic corneal irritation

A

shallow- edema and a rapid return to normal by the epithelial regeneration

chronic- cutaneous metaplasia of the epithelium+ formation of rete pegs + pigmentation and fibrosis and vascularization

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9
Q

what is a descemetocele

A

a deep ulcer going down to descemets membrane

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10
Q

what is an indolent ulcer

A

failure of a normal ulcer to heal and stick to the underlying stroma

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11
Q

what is a melting ulcer (suppurative keratomalacia)

A

ulcer where release of lytic enzymes leads to stromal malacia/ necrosis

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12
Q

melting ulcer are usually caused by

A

gram negative bacteria or fungus is common cause in horses like aspergillus or fusarium (keratomycosis)

melting ulcers can be sterile however

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13
Q

what is keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

desiccation due to reduced quantity of tear film

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14
Q

KCS is more common in dogs than other species- what breeds are more at risk ?

A

english bull dog, shih tzu, west highland terrier)

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15
Q

true or false- keratoconjunctivitis sicca is usually caused by bacterial pathogens

A

false, its a chronic, progressive and usually idiopathic disease that may be immune mediated

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16
Q

a french bull dog with KCS may be at risk for

A

ulcerative keratitis, cutaneous metalplasia and pigmentation

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17
Q

a dermoid can occur on the cornea or the bulbar conjunctiva, which location is most common

A

the bulbar conjunctiva

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18
Q

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits is caused by

A

moraxella spp

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19
Q

what is the progression of pink eye

A

conjunctivitis and edema that progresses to central corneal ulceration and can lead to phthisis bulbi

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20
Q

what is the most common cause of keratitis in cats

A

herpesvirus keratitis (feline herpes virus 1)

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21
Q

true or false; FHV1 can be found on the cornea of normal healthy cats

A

true- this is why causality is hard to prove

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22
Q

dendritic ulcers are pathognomonic of what

A

herpesvirus keratitis

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23
Q

what is herpesvirus keratitis associated with and what secondary bacterial infections are likely

A

associated with feline sequestrums and feline eosinophilic keratitis

secondary bacterial infections include chalmydia and mycoplasma felis

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24
Q

what species are likely to get eosinophilic keratitis

A

cats and horses, cat>horses

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25
Q

what are the gross features of eosinophilic keratitis

A

in cats it starts as a raised white/ pink plaque on the lateral cornea/conjunctiva

26
Q

true or false; eosinophils are the main cell type in eosinophilic keratitis

A

false- a chronic lesion will have more lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages

27
Q

what are the most common species to get a corneal sequestrum

A

cats>horse, dogs

28
Q

what are corneal sequestrums associated with

A

orangne/ brown pigment in the superficial stroma

29
Q

what is chronic superficial keratitis of dogs (pannus)

A

an immune mediated disease targeting altered antigen of the cornea - associatated with higher altitudes and UV

30
Q

what are the neoplasias of the cornea

A

limbal melanocytic neoplasia

corneal squamaous cell carcinomas
corneal hemangiosarcoma

31
Q

which speices are more likely to develop limbal melanocytic neoplasia

A

dogs

32
Q

true or false persistent pupillary membranes are rare to find in dogs

A

false, pretty common

33
Q

uveal cyst are common in dogs and which kind of cat

A

burmese cats

34
Q

why is it concerning to see a uveal cyst in a golden retriever

A

uveal cyst are usually benign and a degenerate condition but in goldens can lead to glaucoma and pigmentary uveitis

35
Q

what is phacoclastic uveitis

A

what happens after there’s been a ruptured lens - leads to granulomatous endophthalmitis

36
Q

which fungus is associated with cataracts in rabbits

A

encephalitozoon cuniculi

37
Q

what is moon blindness ?

A

equine recurrent uveitis - the most common cause of glaucoma and cataracts and blindness in horses

38
Q

which bacterial infection may be associated with moon blindness

A

leptospira spp- the antibodies also react to components to the equine eye

39
Q

what are some sequelae of uveitis

A
  • anterior or posterior synechiae
  • retinal detachment
  • cataracts
  • corneal vascularization
  • glaucoma
  • phthisis bulbi
  • pre iridal fibrovascular membrane
40
Q

what are the infectious causes of uveitis in cattle, cats and rabbits

A

cow- malignant cararrhal fever
feline- FIP
rabbit - encephalitozoon cuniculi

41
Q

what are the common tumors of the uvea in cat and dog

A

dog- melanocytic tumors- benign mostly

cat- feline diffuse iris melanoma- malignant

42
Q

true or false; diabetic cataracts are likely to affect a majority of patients and are bilateral and rapidly progressing

A

true; 1/2 develop cataracts within 6months 80% within 16 months

43
Q

why does diabetes cause cataracts

A

hyperglycemia + sugar in the AQ humor, excess glucose is turned into sorbitol in the lenses, hyperosmotic effect drawing in water, the swelling leads to damage, cataracts

44
Q

what is nuclear sclerosis

A

the cloudy blue eyes that old dogs get, its the constant adding of new lenses fibers throughout life making the lenses less transparent over time- no effect on vision

45
Q

which lens luxation is painful and more likely to cause glaucoma

A

anterior luxation

46
Q

what is the second most common primary ocular tumor in cats

A

feline posttraumatic ocular sarcoma

47
Q

describe feline posttraumatic ocular sarcomas

A

initiated by ocular trauma and delayed in manifestation (5 years), arises from the lens epithelium and highly infiltrative

48
Q

where does retinal detachment occur

A

the outer nuclear layer and the retinal pigmented epithelium

49
Q

what are the 2 main mechanisms in which retinal detachment occurs

A

exudative detachment
tractional detachment

50
Q

what species get glaucoma the most

A

dogs&raquo_space;> cats&raquo_space;»»» horses

51
Q

what is glaucoma

A

a clinical syndrome leading to reduced aq outflow and sustained elevated IOP

52
Q

what are the types of primary glaucoma

A

closed angle glaucoma (maldevelopment of the trabecular mesh network where the aq fluid drains) and open angle glaucoma (dysfunction of the angle rare in vet med, beagles)

53
Q

what is secondary glaucoma

A

caused by a blockage of the iridocorneal angle by exudate or cells, or tumors hemorrhage or fibrin or inflammation or lens luxation causing the increase in pressure

54
Q

what is trichiasis

A

hairs in a normal position are misdirected to contact the cornea - common in brachycephalic dogs- irritation

55
Q

what is distichiasis

A

abnormally positioned eyelash coming from the opening of the meibomian glands- minor damage

56
Q

what is ectopic cilia

A

abnormal eyelashes contacting the palpebral conjunctiva - severe corneal damage

57
Q

entropion is a from of

A

trichiasis

58
Q

what is the most common tumor of the canine eyelid

A

benign meibomian gland tumor

59
Q

true or false eyelid melanocytomas are usually malignant

A

false, eyelid melanocytomas are usually benign while conjunctival melanomas are malignant

60
Q

squamous cell carcinomas of the eye are most common in

A

cattle and horses, then cats

61
Q

whats the difference in eye scc between cows and horses and cats

A

horses and cows it occurs on the third eyelid cats it occurs on the skin of the eyelid

62
Q
A

Path 425 (7 decks)

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