respiratory 2 Flashcards
what is atelectasis, gross features?
incomplete distention of the alveoli- affected areas are sunken and darker
what are the two forms of atelectasis
congenital (not inflated at birth) and acquired (after inflation)
what are the two types of acquired atelectasis, give example for each
compressive- mass outside the lungs, bloat causing the stomach to put pressure on lung, effusions
obstructive- narrowed airway lumen, obstruction via mucus exudate parasites
in animals, secondary emphysema occurs due to
obstruction of an airway
secondary emphysema is commonly seen with
bronchopneumonia
define emphysema
distention and rupture of alveolar walls leading to bubbles in the lungs
pulmonary congestion is most likely caused by
heart failure
what are heart failure cells
alveolar macrophages filled with RBC
what are the examples of circulatory disturbances leading to respiratory disease discussed in class
pulmonary congestion
pulmonary hemorrhage
edema
ARDS
embolism
where is fluid collecting in pulmonary edema
pulmonary interstitium and alveoli
what are the 2 main categories of pulmonary edema
cardiogenic (hydrostatic)
permeability (inflammation related)
EXTENSIVE froth in the trachea is a post mortem sign that
that cause of death was pulmonary edema
what are the lesions that indicate pulmonary edema
- lungs fail to collapse after opening the chest
- prominent interlobular spacing
- darker lung, heavy and wet
what is ADRS
acute respiratory distress syndrome (shock lung)- a clinical diagnosis
what are some embolisms that cause lodge in the lungs
- thromboemboli (usualy insignificant)
-septic emboli - fat emboli (rare)
- tumor emboli (common)
a dog with periosteal proliferation of the distal limb bones (hypertrophic osteopathy) will likely have
intrathoracic mass
lung torsions are rare, but when reported its likely the dog______ and the _____lobe is affected
is a deep chested breed, the right lobe
pulmonary mineralization is most commonly associated with
kidney failure (uremic pneumonopathy)
besides kidney failure what are the other common causes of pulmonary mineralization
hypervitaminosis D
systemic hypercalcemia
multifocal osseous metaplasia
what is the condition called that causes black spots on the lungs that pose no significance
melanosis
what are the common types of pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
interstitial pneumonia
granulomatous pneumonia
embolic pneumonia
what do the gross manifestations of pneumonia depend on
- portal of entry
- type of pathogen
what is the pattern of bronchopneumonia
cranioventral
bronchopuemonia is caused by
inhalation of bacteria, stomach contents, or stomach tubing contents
what are the 3 most common sequels of suppurative bronchopneumonia
- pleural adhesions
- lung abscesses
- bronchiectasis
true or false: fibrous attachments are easy to peel off
false, fibrin attachments are easy to peel off
what is bronchiectasis
the rupture and dilation of a bronchial wall due to the effects of enzymes during inflammation- an irreversible lesion
where is the inflammation centered in interstitial pneumonia
alveolar interstitium- basement membranes and connective tissue
gross lesions of interstitial pneumonia are
rubbery lungs with rib imprints and fail to collapse when the thorax is opened
what can cause interstitial pneumonia, give 4 examples
viruses, toxic gases, endothelial damage, antigen antibody complex deposition NOT BACTERIA
true or false: you cannot dx bronchointerstitial pneumonia based on gross examination of the lung
true - need histo
granulomatous pneumonia is most commonly caused by
phagocytosis-resistant bacteria like myobacterium or rhodococcus
systemic fungal disease like blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, crypto
rarely migration of parasite larvae
what is the route of entry for granulomatous pneumonia
aerogenous route, hematogenous
where is the inflammation centered in embolic pneumonia
blood arterioles and capillaries
what is the port of entry for embolic pneumonia
heamtogenous
