Respiratory 1 Flashcards
Give 5 examples of acquired airway obstruction
- progressive ethmoid hematomas
- nasopharyngeal
- laryngeal paralysis
- laryngeal and tracheal edema
- tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome
progressive ethmoid hematomas are mostly dx in
older horses (thoroughbreds and Arabians)
Nasopharyngeal polyps are commonly dx in
young cats (1-3yrs), horses can get them too (nasal)
where do nasopharyngeal polyps usually originate
from the middle ear or auditory tube
compare and contrast laryngeal paralysis between dogs and horses
horses: left side mostly affected (unilateral)
Dogs: bilateral, can be associated with generalized neuromuscular disorders
Both: similar muscle and nerve changes, both most commonly idiopathic
Laryngeal and tracheal edema is secondary to
acute inflammation like anaphylaxis
true or false, laryngeal tracheal edema causes fluid to build up in the lumen of the trachea
false, its the edema in the lining of the trachea that causes the tissue to block the airway- you cannot drain this fluid out of the lumen
tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome is also called? Occurs commonly in?
Honker syndrome, feed lot cattle
Why does TEHS occur in feedlot cattle
they’re heavier and under more stress, the rapid breathing causes mechanical damage which then is further damaged as it swells into the airway
Inclusion body rhinitis is caused by
suid herpesvirus 2
what age group of piglets will become systemically ill from inclusion body rhinitis
under 3 weeks
what clinical and histological signs will you see with inclusion body rhinitis
clinical - catarrhal rhinitis
histo- cytomegaly with large intranuclear viral inclusion bodies
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by
bovine herpesvirus 1
why are secondary bacterial infections common in IBR
because bovine herpesvirus 1 is an alphaherpesvirus which causes lytic and necrotic infection of epithelium- easy for bacteria to get in there
what lesions are associated with IBR
hyperemia lesions with petechial hemorrhage and pustules leading to fibro necrotic membrane formation
on histo examination what will you see with IBR
epithelial cell lysis and necrosis, pink intranuclear inclusions
what are differential dx for IBR
aspiration of chemicals (stomach acid)
other virus like BPIV3
Feline viral rhinotracheitis is caused by
feline herpesvirus 1, an alphaherpesvirus like BHV1
what gross lesions do you see with feline viral rhinotracheitis
crusting around the eyes and nose, erosion of the nasal mucosa VERY RARE to see ulceration of the tongue
what are differential dx for cats with herpesvirus infection? how do you differentiate?
feline calicivirus- oral ulcers are a characteristic lesions and not common in herpes
chlamydia felis - not a virus
what are the 3 examples of viral rhinitis given in class, what are they caused by?
inclusion body rhinitis in pigs
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cows
feline viral rhinotracheitis
all caused by herpesviruses (beta, alpha, alpha)
what are the two examples of bacterial rhinitis given in class
atrophic in pigs and equine strangles
when is atrophic rhiitis commonly dx in pigs
6-12 weeks of age
what are the two forms of atrophic rhinitis? what bacteria causes each form?
non-progressive caused by bordetella bronchiseptica, and progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by pasteurella multocida
which form of atrophic rhinitis causes bone reabsorption and snout malformation
progressive atrophic rhinitis- p. multocida produce cytotoxins that cause the reabsorption and malforamtion
why is progressive atrophic rhinitis usually co infected with bordetella bronchiseptica
because pasteurella multocida is not able to colonize the nasal mucosa until there is already ulceration caused by another pathogen. in this case toxin producing strains of bordetella bronchiseptica
how do you dx PAR? why is culture not enough?
must detect the toxin through PCR or ELISA- cannot just culture because some pasteurelle maltocida do not produce the toxins
equine strangles is caused by what bacteria ?
streptococcus equi spp equi
what is a Ddx for equine strangles
streptococcus equi spp zooepidemicus- a commensal bacteria. spp equi is NOT commensal
what are clinical signs of strangles?
lymphnode abscess
what are the potential complications of strangles
gutteral pouch empyema, pneumonia, bastard strangles, purpura hemorrhagica
what are the examples of fungal rhinitis discussed in class
aspergillus fumigatus, cryptococcus, rhinosporidiosis,
what type of rhinitis will you see with aspergillus fumigatus
suppurative, caseous, or hemorrhagic
what will you appreciate grossly with a. fumigatus infection
yellow or green black fungal matt in the surface of the turbinate, possible turbinate lysis and remodeling causing a change in snout appearance,
what is the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs? cats?
dogs - aspergillus fumigatus, cats- cryptococcus
what are the two significant species of cryptococcus
c. neogromans and c. gattii
where is cryptococcus found
soil and bird poop
what are the clinical signs of cryptococcus infection? what is important to remember when treating an animal that may be infected
clinical signs: nasal infection, facial swelling, systemic infection.
crypto is zoonotic!
rhinosporidiosis is caused by
rhinosporidium seeberi
what is the clinical manifestation f rhinosporidosis
usually a unilateral nasal polyp, probably on a dog that was just imported from a tropical place
what are the parasitic rhinitis we covered in class
oestrus ovis- sheep bot fly
oslerus osleri- tracheal nematode of canids
guttural pouch disease is a umbrella terms for conditions that include
guttural pouch mycosis usually due to aspergillus
guttural pouch empyema as a complication from strangles
guttural pouch tympany
what are the clinical consequences of guttural pouch disease
exsanguination, laryngeal paralysis, horners syndrome, facial paralysis
primary nasal tumors are more common in ____ while paranasal sinus tumors are more common in _____
cats and dogs, horses
in order of most to lease common, the primary nasal tumors that most commonly affect dogs and cats are
carcinomas, chondrosarcomas, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma
which nasal tumor are you likely to find in dogs? cats? horses?
dogs - nasal adenocarcinoma
cats and horses - nasal squamous cell carcinoma
what is the most common upper resp tumor of cats
nasal lymphoma
what is the name of the viral associated tumor in sheep and goats discussed in class
enzootic nasal tumor
the mucosa of the conducting system is composed of
pseudostratified ciliated respiratory epithelial cells
compare a bronchus to a bronchiole
bronchus is apart of the conducting portion
broncus has smooth muscle and cartilage (decreasingly so as airway gets smaller),
the bronchus has ciliated epithelium and glands (goblet cells)
there is no cartilage lining a bronchiole, some smooth muscle
the lumen of bronchioles have club cells
fewer defense mechanisms
less structural support
define type 1 pneumocytes
they cover 95% of the alveolar surface and are thin and are involved in gas exchange and CANNOT divide
define a type II pneumocyte
cover 5% of the alveolar surface and are cuboidal they secrete surfactant and are proginator cells for type 1 pneumocytes
what are the 6 layers of the blood air barrier
- alveolar surfactant
- type 1 pneumocytes
- basal lamina of type 1 pneumocytes
- interstitial connective tissue layer
- basal lamina of the capillary endothelial cell
- capillary endothelial cell
what 3 points explains why the respiratory system is vulnerable to airborne injury
- Extensive SA of the alveoli
- large vol of air
- concentration of noxious elements in the air is high
what do club cells do?
detoxification of xenobiotics via mixed function oxidases and produce protective secretions against oxidative stress and inflammation and produce surfactant
what are the defense mechanisms of the conducting system
mucocillary clearance, antibodies, lysosomes mucus coughing sneezing
what are the defense mechanisms of the transitional system
club cells antioxidants lysozyme antibodies
what are the defense mechanisms of the exchange system
alveolar macrophages, intravascular macrophages, surfactant , antioxidants and antibodies
