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Path 425 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 examples of acquired airway obstruction

A
  1. progressive ethmoid hematomas
  2. nasopharyngeal
  3. laryngeal paralysis
  4. laryngeal and tracheal edema
  5. tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome
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2
Q

progressive ethmoid hematomas are mostly dx in

A

older horses (thoroughbreds and Arabians)

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3
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyps are commonly dx in

A

young cats (1-3yrs), horses can get them too (nasal)

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4
Q

where do nasopharyngeal polyps usually originate

A

from the middle ear or auditory tube

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5
Q

compare and contrast laryngeal paralysis between dogs and horses

A

horses: left side mostly affected (unilateral)

Dogs: bilateral, can be associated with generalized neuromuscular disorders

Both: similar muscle and nerve changes, both most commonly idiopathic

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6
Q

Laryngeal and tracheal edema is secondary to

A

acute inflammation like anaphylaxis

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7
Q

true or false, laryngeal tracheal edema causes fluid to build up in the lumen of the trachea

A

false, its the edema in the lining of the trachea that causes the tissue to block the airway- you cannot drain this fluid out of the lumen

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8
Q

tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome is also called? Occurs commonly in?

A

Honker syndrome, feed lot cattle

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9
Q

Why does TEHS occur in feedlot cattle

A

they’re heavier and under more stress, the rapid breathing causes mechanical damage which then is further damaged as it swells into the airway

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10
Q

Inclusion body rhinitis is caused by

A

suid herpesvirus 2

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11
Q

what age group of piglets will become systemically ill from inclusion body rhinitis

A

under 3 weeks

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12
Q

what clinical and histological signs will you see with inclusion body rhinitis

A

clinical - catarrhal rhinitis
histo- cytomegaly with large intranuclear viral inclusion bodies

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13
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by

A

bovine herpesvirus 1

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14
Q

why are secondary bacterial infections common in IBR

A

because bovine herpesvirus 1 is an alphaherpesvirus which causes lytic and necrotic infection of epithelium- easy for bacteria to get in there

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15
Q

what lesions are associated with IBR

A

hyperemia lesions with petechial hemorrhage and pustules leading to fibro necrotic membrane formation

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16
Q

on histo examination what will you see with IBR

A

epithelial cell lysis and necrosis, pink intranuclear inclusions

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16
Q

what are differential dx for IBR

A

aspiration of chemicals (stomach acid)
other virus like BPIV3

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17
Q

Feline viral rhinotracheitis is caused by

A

feline herpesvirus 1, an alphaherpesvirus like BHV1

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18
Q

what gross lesions do you see with feline viral rhinotracheitis

A

crusting around the eyes and nose, erosion of the nasal mucosa VERY RARE to see ulceration of the tongue

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19
Q

what are differential dx for cats with herpesvirus infection? how do you differentiate?

A

feline calicivirus- oral ulcers are a characteristic lesions and not common in herpes

chlamydia felis - not a virus

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20
Q

what are the 3 examples of viral rhinitis given in class, what are they caused by?

A

inclusion body rhinitis in pigs
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cows
feline viral rhinotracheitis

all caused by herpesviruses (beta, alpha, alpha)

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21
Q

what are the two examples of bacterial rhinitis given in class

A

atrophic in pigs and equine strangles

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22
Q

when is atrophic rhiitis commonly dx in pigs

A

6-12 weeks of age

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23
Q

what are the two forms of atrophic rhinitis? what bacteria causes each form?

A

non-progressive caused by bordetella bronchiseptica, and progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by pasteurella multocida

24
Q

which form of atrophic rhinitis causes bone reabsorption and snout malformation

A

progressive atrophic rhinitis- p. multocida produce cytotoxins that cause the reabsorption and malforamtion

25
Q

why is progressive atrophic rhinitis usually co infected with bordetella bronchiseptica

A

because pasteurella multocida is not able to colonize the nasal mucosa until there is already ulceration caused by another pathogen. in this case toxin producing strains of bordetella bronchiseptica

26
Q

how do you dx PAR? why is culture not enough?

A

must detect the toxin through PCR or ELISA- cannot just culture because some pasteurelle maltocida do not produce the toxins

27
Q

equine strangles is caused by what bacteria ?

A

streptococcus equi spp equi

28
Q

what is a Ddx for equine strangles

A

streptococcus equi spp zooepidemicus- a commensal bacteria. spp equi is NOT commensal

29
Q

what are clinical signs of strangles?

A

lymphnode abscess

30
Q

what are the potential complications of strangles

A

gutteral pouch empyema, pneumonia, bastard strangles, purpura hemorrhagica

31
Q

what are the examples of fungal rhinitis discussed in class

A

aspergillus fumigatus, cryptococcus, rhinosporidiosis,

32
Q

what type of rhinitis will you see with aspergillus fumigatus

A

suppurative, caseous, or hemorrhagic

33
Q

what will you appreciate grossly with a. fumigatus infection

A

yellow or green black fungal matt in the surface of the turbinate, possible turbinate lysis and remodeling causing a change in snout appearance,

34
Q

what is the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs? cats?

A

dogs - aspergillus fumigatus, cats- cryptococcus

35
Q

what are the two significant species of cryptococcus

A

c. neogromans and c. gattii

36
Q

where is cryptococcus found

A

soil and bird poop

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of cryptococcus infection? what is important to remember when treating an animal that may be infected

A

clinical signs: nasal infection, facial swelling, systemic infection.

crypto is zoonotic!

38
Q

rhinosporidiosis is caused by

A

rhinosporidium seeberi

39
Q

what is the clinical manifestation f rhinosporidosis

A

usually a unilateral nasal polyp, probably on a dog that was just imported from a tropical place

40
Q

what are the parasitic rhinitis we covered in class

A

oestrus ovis- sheep bot fly
oslerus osleri- tracheal nematode of canids

41
Q

guttural pouch disease is a umbrella terms for conditions that include

A

guttural pouch mycosis usually due to aspergillus

guttural pouch empyema as a complication from strangles

guttural pouch tympany

42
Q

what are the clinical consequences of guttural pouch disease

A

exsanguination, laryngeal paralysis, horners syndrome, facial paralysis

43
Q

primary nasal tumors are more common in ____ while paranasal sinus tumors are more common in _____

A

cats and dogs, horses

44
Q

in order of most to lease common, the primary nasal tumors that most commonly affect dogs and cats are

A

carcinomas, chondrosarcomas, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma

45
Q

which nasal tumor are you likely to find in dogs? cats? horses?

A

dogs - nasal adenocarcinoma
cats and horses - nasal squamous cell carcinoma

46
Q

what is the most common upper resp tumor of cats

A

nasal lymphoma

47
Q

what is the name of the viral associated tumor in sheep and goats discussed in class

A

enzootic nasal tumor

48
Q

the mucosa of the conducting system is composed of

A

pseudostratified ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

49
Q

compare a bronchus to a bronchiole

A

bronchus is apart of the conducting portion
broncus has smooth muscle and cartilage (decreasingly so as airway gets smaller),
the bronchus has ciliated epithelium and glands (goblet cells)

there is no cartilage lining a bronchiole, some smooth muscle
the lumen of bronchioles have club cells
fewer defense mechanisms
less structural support

50
Q

define type 1 pneumocytes

A

they cover 95% of the alveolar surface and are thin and are involved in gas exchange and CANNOT divide

51
Q

define a type II pneumocyte

A

cover 5% of the alveolar surface and are cuboidal they secrete surfactant and are proginator cells for type 1 pneumocytes

52
Q

what are the 6 layers of the blood air barrier

A
  1. alveolar surfactant
  2. type 1 pneumocytes
  3. basal lamina of type 1 pneumocytes
  4. interstitial connective tissue layer
  5. basal lamina of the capillary endothelial cell
  6. capillary endothelial cell
53
Q

what 3 points explains why the respiratory system is vulnerable to airborne injury

A
  1. Extensive SA of the alveoli
  2. large vol of air
  3. concentration of noxious elements in the air is high
54
Q

what do club cells do?

A

detoxification of xenobiotics via mixed function oxidases and produce protective secretions against oxidative stress and inflammation and produce surfactant

55
Q

what are the defense mechanisms of the conducting system

A

mucocillary clearance, antibodies, lysosomes mucus coughing sneezing

56
Q

what are the defense mechanisms of the transitional system

A

club cells antioxidants lysozyme antibodies

57
Q

what are the defense mechanisms of the exchange system

A

alveolar macrophages, intravascular macrophages, surfactant , antioxidants and antibodies

Path 425 (7 decks)

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