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Phys 2 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Special senses include

A

Vision
Audition
Smell
Taste

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2
Q

Greatest refraction between

A

Air and cornea

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3
Q

Diopter =

A

1 meter/ focal length

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4
Q

Convex lens expressed as

A

+ diopter

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5
Q

Concave lens expressed as

A
  • diopter
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6
Q

PSNS ____ lens strength

A

Increases

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7
Q

PSNS causes ___ of ciliary muscles, causing lens to become more ____, ____ refractive power

A

Contraction
Convex
Increasing

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8
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsighted

Focal point behind retina

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9
Q

Treat hyperopia with

A

Convex lens

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10
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted

Focal point in front of retina

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11
Q

Treat myopia with

A

Concave lens

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12
Q

Greatest area of visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

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13
Q

Fovea centralis has greatest acuity due to

A

Long slender cones

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14
Q

Depth perception accomplished by

A

Relative size

Moving parallax

Stereopsis (binocular vision)

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15
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure

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16
Q

Only retinal cells that generate action potentials

A

Ganglion cells

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17
Q

Photoreceptors in retina

A

Rods

Cones

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18
Q

Lights ____ photoreceptors, causing them to release ____ glutamate

A

Hyperpolarizes

Less

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19
Q

Light breaks down ___ and cone pigments

A

Rhodopsin

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20
Q

Bipolar cells connect photoreceptors to

A

Ganglion cells or amacrine cells

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21
Q

Bipolar cells are for the passive spread of

A

Summated postsynaptic potentials

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22
Q

2 types of bipolar cells

A
  1. On
    Hyperpolarized by glutamate
  2. Off
    Depolarized by glutamate
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23
Q

Types of ganglion cells

A

P (X)
M (Y)
W

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24
Q

P ganglion cells

A
  1. 55%
  2. Input- bipolar
  3. Rec. Field - small
  4. C Velocity- slow
  5. Response- slow adapting
  6. Project to parvo of LGN
  7. Function- color
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25
Q

M ganglion cells

A
  1. 5%
  2. Input- amacrine
  3. Rec. Field- large
  4. C Velocity- fast
  5. Response- fast adapting
  6. Project to magno of LGN
  7. Function- B&W, movement
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26
Q

W ganglion cells

A
  1. Smallest
  2. Slowest
  3. 40%
  4. Light intensity detectors
  5. Detest directional movement
  6. Input from rods
  7. Important for crude vision in dim light
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27
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Make complex synaptic connections with photoreceptors

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28
Q

Amacrine cells receive input from bipolar cells and project to

A

Ganglion cells

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29
Q

In dark adaptation, ___ adapt first, but ___ have higher adaptation ability

A

Cones

Rods

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30
Q

MC colors blindness

A

Red- green color

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31
Q

Loss of red cones

A

Protanope

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32
Q

Loss of green cones

A

Deuteranope

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33
Q

Loss of red cones cause

A

Decrease in overall visual spectrum

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34
Q

Loss of green cones causes

A

Normal overall visual spectrum

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35
Q

Visual pathway

A
  1. Optic nerve to optic chiasm
  2. Optic Chiasm to Optic tract
  3. Optic tract to lateral geniculate
  4. Lateral geniculate to primary visual cortex
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36
Q

Lesion in optic nerve will cause

A

Blind in single eye

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37
Q

Lesion in optic chiasm will result in

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

Loss of peripheral vision

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38
Q

Lesion in optic tract will cause

A

Homonymous hemianopia

Ex. Lesion on R tract will cause loss of left field of vision for both eyes

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39
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Biological clock

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40
Q

Protectal nuclei

A

Reflex movement of eyes

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41
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Rapid directional movement of both eyes

42
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Brodman area 17

43
Q

Color blobs are rich in

A

Cytochrome oxidase

44
Q

Color blobs are starting point of

A

Cortical color processing

45
Q

Parvo-interblob

A

B & W

46
Q

Blob

A

Color

47
Q

Old visual pathway projects to

A

Superior colliculus

48
Q

New visual pathway projects to

A

Cortex

49
Q

____ is mostly lost when superior colliculus is destroyed

A

Involuntary fixation

50
Q

PSNS causes pupil size to ___ (aka ___)

A

Decrease

Miosis

51
Q

SNS causes pupil size to ___ (aka ___)

A

Increase

Mydriasis

52
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Interruption of SNS supply to eye

53
Q

Symptoms of Horner’s

A

Constricted pupil

Drooping eyelid

54
Q

CN 6 controls

A

Lateral rectus

55
Q

CN 4 controls

A

Superior Oblique

56
Q

CN 3 controls

A

The other 4

57
Q

Elevate adducted eye

A

IO

58
Q

Depress adducted eye

A

SO

59
Q

Intorsion of adducted eye

A

SR

60
Q

Extorsion of adducted eye

A

IR

61
Q

Elevate abducted eye

A

SR

62
Q

Depress abducted eye

A

IR

63
Q

Intorsion of abducted eye

A

SO

64
Q

Extorsion of abducted eye

A

IO

65
Q

Greatest auditory acuity

A

1000-4000 Hz

66
Q

Impedance matching

A

Between sound waves in air and sound vibrations generated in cochlear fluid

67
Q

Ossicular System

A

Reduces amplitude by 1/4

Increases pressure against oval window

68
Q

Scali vestibuli separated from Scali media by

A

Reissner’s membrane

69
Q

Scali vestibuli and scali tympani are filled with

A

Perilymph

70
Q

Scali media separated from scala tympani by

A

Basilar membrane

71
Q

___ enriched with K+

A

Scali media

72
Q

Scali media enriched with

A

Endolymph

73
Q

Function of cochlea

A

Change mechanical vibrations in fluid into AP in CN 8

74
Q

Sound vibrations created in the fluid cause movement of the

A

Basilar membrane

75
Q

Hair cells near oval window (base) respond best to

A

Higher frequencies

76
Q

Hair cells near helicotrema (apex) respond best to

A

Lower frequencies

77
Q

Central auditory pathway

A
  1. Cochlea to ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei in medulla
  2. Cochlear N to superior olivary N
  3. Superior olivary N to inferior colliculus
  4. Inferior colliculus to medial geniculate N
  5. Medial geniculate to primary auditory cortex
78
Q

Primary auditory cortex located in

A

Superior gyrus of temporal lobe

79
Q

In primary auditory cortex, high frequency sounds are located ___ and low frequency sounds are located ___

A

Posterior

Anterior

80
Q

Time lag between ears involves

A

Medial Superior olivary N

81
Q

Difference in intensities of sounds in both ears involves

A

Lateral superior olivary N

82
Q

Primary sensations of taste and causes

A
  1. Sour - Acids
  2. Salty - ionized salts
  3. Sweet - organic chemicals, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, inorganic salts of Pb and Be
  4. Bitter - alkaloids (N)
  5. Umami - MSG
83
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue supplied by

A

Lingual N to chorda tympani to facial N

84
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN 9

85
Q

Base of tongue and palate supplied by

A

CN 10

86
Q

G protein linked receptors

A

Bitter
Sweet
Umami

87
Q

Ion channels

A

Sour

Salty

88
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

More receptive than olfactory epithelium to pheromones

89
Q

Pheromones have profound effects on

A

Behavior

90
Q

Olfactory cells are

A

Bipolar nerve cells

91
Q

Bowman’s glands secrete

A

Mucus

92
Q

Sustentacular cells are

A

Supporting cells

93
Q

Unusually high concentration of ___ inside olfactory receptors, prolonging ___

A

Cl-

Depolarization

94
Q

Anosmia

A

Odor blindness

95
Q

Amygdala important in

A

Emotional responses

96
Q

Pyriform and periamygdaloid cortex

A

Olfactory perception

97
Q

Rostral entorhinal cortex

A

Olfactory memories

98
Q

Less Old CNS pathway is the only cortex that

A

Doesn’t relay information to thalamus

99
Q

Mitral cells

A

Send axons to CNS via olfactory tract

100
Q

Tufted cells

A

Send axons to CNS via olfactory tract

101
Q

Granule cells

A

Inhibitory cell which can decrease neural traffic

Aid in localization of smell

102
Q

Periglomerular cells

A

Inhibitory cells between glomerulus

Phys 2 (5 decks)

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