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Phys 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral cortex has an immense degree of ___ and __ from one neuron to another

A

Convergence

Divergence

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2
Q

Most cortical neurons are a site of ____ from multiple neurons and source of diverging output to multiple neurons

A

Converging input

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3
Q

Most areas of cortex don’t respond in obvious way to

A

Simple sensory stimulation

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4
Q

Most ares of cerebral cortex don’t ___ when electrically stimulated

A

Produce movements

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5
Q

Layer 1 of cerebral cortex

A

Molecular layer

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6
Q

Layer with most axons

A

Layer 1

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7
Q

Layer 2 cerebral cortex

A

External granule layer

-granule cells

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8
Q

Layer 3 cerebral cortex

A

External pyramidal layer

-pyramidal cells

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9
Q

Layer 4 cerebral cortex

A

Internal granule layer

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10
Q

Main granular cell layer

A

Layer 4

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11
Q

Layer 5 cerebral cortex

A

Internal pyramidal layer

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12
Q

Layer 5 is dominated by

A

Giant pyramidal cells

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13
Q

Layer 6 cerebral cortex

A

Multiform layer

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14
Q

Cells in layer 6

A

All types

Pyramidal, stellate, fusiform

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15
Q

3 major cell types in cerebral cortex

A
  1. Pyramidal cells
  2. Granule (stellate) cells
  3. Fusiform cells
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16
Q

Pyramidal cells are source of

A

Corticospinal projections

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17
Q

Major efferent cell of cerebral cortex

A

Pyramidal cells

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18
Q

Excitatory neurons of granule cells release

A

Primary glutamate

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19
Q

Inhibitory neurons of granule cells release

A

Primary GABA

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20
Q

Most output of cerebral cortex leave via

A

Layer 5 and 6

Giant pyramidal and fusiform

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21
Q

Most incoming sensory signals to cerebral cortex terminate in

A

Layer 4

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22
Q

Most intracortical association functions of cerebral cortex occurs in layers

A

1, 2, 3

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23
Q

Cortical neurons can change their function as

A

Functional demand changes

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24
Q

Large percent of human cortex is

A

Silent areas

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25
Q

Lesions in association areas have ___ and ___ quality

A

Subtle and unpredictable

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26
Q

Prefrontal association areas have ___ functions of behavior

A

Executive

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27
Q

Prefrontal association areas

A

Working memory

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28
Q

Broca’s area

A

Formation of words

“Being able to speak”

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29
Q

Orbital frontal cortex cells are hyperactive in

A

OCD

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30
Q

Cells in orbital frontal cortex fire strongly when

A

Expectations not met

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31
Q

Orbital frontal cortex functions as

A

Error detector

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32
Q

Limbic association area responsible for

A

Behavior
Emotions
Motivation

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33
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

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34
Q

Parieto-occipitotemporal AA responsible for analysis of

A

Spatial coordinates of body

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35
Q

Wernicke’s

A

General interpretative area for reading

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36
Q

Area for naming objects

A

Parieto-occipitotemporal AA

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37
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

Think relatives are imposters due to lack of emotion evoked by visually seeing them

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38
Q

Ventromedial frontal areas are reciprocally connected with

A

Subcortical nuclei like amygdala and hypothalamus

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39
Q

Ventromedial frontal areas involved in

A

Basic biologic regulation
Emotional processing
Social cognition
Behavior

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40
Q

In ventromedial frontal areas, high concentration of ____ with socially adapted behavior

A

Serotonin S2 receptors

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41
Q

In ventromedial frontal area, low concentration of __ with aggressive behavior/ uncooperative

A

Serotonin S2

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42
Q

Prefrontal association area

A

Executive functions of behavior

  • judgement
  • planning for future
  • working memory
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43
Q

95% population is ___ dominant

A

Left hemisphere

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44
Q

Hemispheres demonstrate ___

Ie. If dominate hemisphere damaged early in life, other can develop according capabilities

A

Plasticity

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45
Q

Right handed dominant occurs in

A

90%

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46
Q

Left or mixed handed occurs in

A

10%

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47
Q

Right handed people, 96% control is

A

Left

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48
Q

Right handed people, 0% control is

A

Both hemispheres

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49
Q

Left or mixed handed people, 70% control is

A

Left

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50
Q

Left or mixed handed people, 15% is

A

Right controlled

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51
Q

Left or mixed handed people, 15% is

A

Both hemispheres

52
Q

Functions of left hemisphere

A 
Language 
Symbols
Understanding spoken, written word 
Math 
Speech
53
Q

Functions of right hemisphere

A

Music
Non verbal visual experiences
Spatial relations

54
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bidirectional communication between most of R and L hemispheres EXCEPT for anterior portions of temporal lobe

55
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Bidirectional communication between anterior portions of temporal lobe

Amygdala- emotional response transfer

56
Q

Section of corpus callosum:

Left hemisphere matches based on

A

Function

57
Q

Section of corpus callosum:

Right hemisphere matches based on

A

Appearance

58
Q

Memory definition

A

Ability to reconstruct whole from degraded fragment

59
Q

Allocortex made of

A

Archicortex (ancient)

Paleocortex (old)

60
Q

Allocortex is

A

10% human cerebral cortex

61
Q

Allocortex includes the

A

Hippocampal formation

62
Q

Hippocampal formation plays important role in

A

Declarative memory

63
Q

Episodic memory

A

Daily episodes of life

64
Q

Semantic memory

A

Factual information

65
Q

Hippocampus plays role in episodic memory via

A

Bidirectional connections with parahippocampal regions

66
Q

Parahippocampal regions have bidirectional connections with

A

Cerebral cortex

67
Q

“Place” cells in hippocampus

A

Principle cells in each layers that fire complex bursts when move through specific location

68
Q

Positive memory associated with

A

Facilitation

69
Q

Negative memory associated with

A

Habituation (suppression)

70
Q

Reflexive and declarative memory involve

A

Different neuronal circuits

71
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Process of linking individual neurons, which bind them into single memory

72
Q

Conscious memory involves

A

Hippocampal gyrus

73
Q

Hyperthymestic syndrome

A

Extremely rare condition when person has total recall of all events since age 10-14

About 10 people worldwide

74
Q

People with hyperthymestic Syndrome have

A

Large caudate nucleus

75
Q

Reflexive/implicit/skill memory is unconscious and is associated with

A

Motor activities

76
Q

Declarative memory can be divided into

A

Episodic and semantic memory

77
Q

Declarative memory involves function of

A

Hippocampus and parahippocampal areas

78
Q

Bilateral removal of hippocampus produces profound

A

Deficits in memory function EXCEPT reflexive learning

79
Q

Memory capability that is spared following bilateral lesions of temporal lobe (hippocampal formation) typically involve learned tasks that…

A
  • are reflexive, not reflective

- do not require conscious awareness or complex cognitive processes

80
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in response to repeat benign stimulus

81
Q

Sensitization

A

Strengthening of responses following intense or noxious stimuli

82
Q

Sensitization can override

A

Habituation

83
Q

Imitative learning is important in

A

Acquisition of language

84
Q

Imitative learning uses

A

Mirror neurons

85
Q

The cortical marrow neuron system is formed by 2 regions

A
  1. Ventral premotor cortex

2. Rostral part of inferior parietal lobule

86
Q

Mirror neurons are thought to play a role in

A

Empathy

87
Q

Classical conditioning involves a learned relationship between

A

2 stimuli

88
Q

Operant conditioning results in learning to predict

A

Consequences of own behavior

89
Q

___ change significantly during learning

A

Number of neurons and connectivities

90
Q

During first year of life, there is a

A

Great excess of neurons

91
Q

Neurons are always looking to

A

Connect

92
Q

If neurons don’t connect…

A

They will die

93
Q

Even as adults, neurons demonstrate

A

Plasticity (synaptogenesis)

94
Q

Long term memory is associated with increase in..

A
  1. Number of transmitter vesicles and release sites for NT
  2. Number of presynaptic terminals
  3. Number in synaptic connections
95
Q

Protein kinase M zeta maintains

A

Long term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons

96
Q

When protein kinase M zeta is blocked,

A

Long term memory function is blocked

97
Q

___ blocks PKM seta

A

Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP)

98
Q

Learning

A

Process by which we acquire knowledge

99
Q

Memory

A

Process by which knowledge is encoded, stored, and retrieved

100
Q

Removal of the hippocampal formation (as in HM) resulted in

A

Memory deficit

Skill memory still intact

101
Q

Highest level of sensory input to CNS via

A

Trigeminal N

102
Q

Reticular excitatory area (reticular activating system) located in

A

Reticular formation of pons and midbrain

103
Q

Reticular excitatory area results in diffuse stimulation of cerebrum via

A

Thalamus

104
Q

Reticular excitatory area signals are

A

Rapid short lasting from magnocellular releasing ACH)

105
Q

If the reticular excitatory area is inactivated…

A

Coma is likely

106
Q

Cut brain stem mid pons (above entry of CNV) can result in

A

Coma

107
Q

Cut brain stem below entry CNV

A

Coma unlikely

108
Q

Cerebral cortex and thalamus have ____ communication

A

Bidirectional (reverberating)

109
Q

Reticular activating system acts as a

A

Filter against all sensory input

110
Q

Wakefulness is promoted by ___ located in ___and dorsolateral pontine Tegmentum

A

Pontomesencephalic cells

Locus ceruleus

111
Q

Dopaminergic cells are

A

Stimulators

112
Q

Noradrenergic cells are

A

Inhibitory

113
Q

Posterior hypothalamus neurons contain

A

Histamine

114
Q

Reticular inhibitory area is located in

A

Medulla in reticular formation

115
Q

Reticular inhibitory area inhibits excitatory area via

A

Serotonergic projections

116
Q

NorEpi system located in

A

Locus ceruleus

117
Q

Most widespread-generally stimulators

A

NorEpi

118
Q

Dopamine system located in

A

Substantia nigra
Arcuate
VTA

119
Q

Serotonin system location

A

Raphe nuclei

120
Q

Serotonin system is usually inhibitory, induction of

A

Sleep
Pain control
Mood

121
Q

Acetylcholine system located

A

Gigantocellular cells

122
Q

Areas maintaining wakefulness include

A
  1. Oral pontine reticular formation
  2. Midbrain central Tegmentum
  3. Posterior hypothalamus
123
Q

Sleep promoting areas include

A
  1. Midline brainstem (raphe nuclei)
  2. Dorsolateral medullary reticular formation
  3. Anterior hypothalamic preoptic region
124
Q

Magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert located in

A

Forebrain

125
Q

Magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert is a ___ center with ___ projections

A

Sleep modulating center

ACH

126
Q

Sleep is divided into stages based on

A

EEG
EOG
EMG

Phys 2 (5 decks)

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