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Phys 2 > Exam 3 Continued > Flashcards

Exam 3 Continued Flashcards

1
Q

Non Rem (NREM) sleep aka

A

Slow wave sleep

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2
Q

NREM I associated with

A

Horizontal eye drift

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3
Q

NREM II associated with

A

Sleep spindles

K complexes

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4
Q

NREM IV associated with

A

High amplitude delta waves

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5
Q

REM EEG resembles the

A

Awake state

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6
Q

REM is easiest for

A

Internal arousability

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7
Q

REM is hardest for

A

External arousability

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8
Q

Slow wave sleep primarily in the

A

First few hours of sleep

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9
Q

Electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) produces

A

Slow wave sleep

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10
Q

Lesions in NTS produces

A

Cortical desynchronization

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11
Q

REM ruled by

A

Limbic system

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12
Q

Lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produces

A

Insomnia

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13
Q

Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia by

A

Blocking production of serotonin from tryptophan

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14
Q

SWS can be restored in PCPA induced insomnia via

A

5 hydroxytrytophan (5HTP)

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15
Q

Serotonin modulates sleep via effects on other hypnogenic factors in

A

Anterior hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus

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16
Q

Serotonin is precursor for

A

Melatonin

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17
Q

Melatonin synthesized and released by

A

Pineal gland

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18
Q

___ can be treated with melatonin

A

Jet lag

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19
Q

Preoptic nucleus of anterior hypothalamus inhibits waking areas in

A

Rostral midbrain and mesopontine reticular core

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20
Q

Prostaglandins D2 highly concentrated in

A

Preoptic nucleus

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21
Q

Prostaglandin D2 induces both

A

SWS and REM sleep

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22
Q

Prostaglandin inhibition by ___ can decrease diurnal sleep

A

Indomethacin

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23
Q

Sleep spindles and delta waves involve ___ via inhibition promote brain deafferentation

A

GABAergic neurons

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24
Q

Sedatives and hypnotics stimulate ____ and facilitate sleep

A

GABA receptors

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25
Q

Sleep spindles are ___ generated by oscillatory activity in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus

A

Rhythmic cortical waveforms

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26
Q

Slow waves are generated in

A

Neocortical circuits

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27
Q

Increase in GABAergic anterior hypothalamic preoptic and basal forebrain neurons associated with

A

SWS

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28
Q

Somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs during

A

SWS

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29
Q

REM sleep: Cortical EEG is highly

A

Desynchronized

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30
Q

REM sleep associated with

A

Pontine geniculate occipital spikes (PGO)

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31
Q

PGO spikes are associated with

A

Rapid eye movements

Dreaming

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32
Q

PGO spikes originate from

A

REM on cells

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33
Q

REM sleep has been eliminated by lesioning

A

Ventral to locus ceruleus

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34
Q

REM sleep induced by

A

Cholinergic stimulation of pons

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35
Q

REM off cells become __ during REM

A

Silent

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36
Q

Many antidepressants are REM suppressors by increasing activity of

A

NorEpi

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37
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

Bursts of excessive limp and body movements during REM

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38
Q

Other changes in sleep

A

Reduction in body and brain temp
Brain metabolism decreases 20-35% in SWS
Inhibition of TSH, cortisol, and stimulation of GH and prolactin

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39
Q

__ acts of endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temp

A

Suprachiamatic nucleus

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40
Q

Function of sleep

A

Restore normal levels of brain activity

Enhance immune function

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41
Q

Sleep deprivation can raise

A

Cortisol

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42
Q

Cortisol increases insulin, which promotes

A

Fat storage

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43
Q

Ghrelin

A

Increase feeling of hunger

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44
Q

Leptin

A

Decrease hunger

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45
Q

Increasing sleep ___ leptin and __ ghrelin

A

Increases

Decreases

46
Q

Sleep deprivation ___ leptin and __ ghrelin

A

Decrease

Increase

47
Q

Narcolepsy associated with abnormalities of ___

A

Hypocretin NT system

48
Q

Hypocretins aka

A

Orexins

49
Q

Hypocretins act primarily as

A

Excitatory NT

50
Q

Hypocretins have primary role in control of

A

Sleep and arousal

51
Q

Kindling

A

Increase in neuroexcitability due to multiple acute withdrawals

52
Q

Alcohol withdrawal kindling associated with

A

Increase in fear and anxiety

Cognitive impairments

53
Q

Alcohol has acute effects on ____ and NMDA suppression

A

GABAergic enhancement

54
Q

Virtually all immune cells posses

A

Both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

55
Q

Activation of SNS inhibits proliferation of ___ and results in suppression of immune response

A

Lymphocytes

56
Q

Stress activates

A

SNS

57
Q

Cytokines are ____ produced by immune cells

A

Soluble mediators

58
Q

Activated immune cells can cross ___ and releases cytokines to ___

A

BBB

Brain

59
Q

Trio of inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF

60
Q

Involved in immune cell proliferation and fever production

A

IL-1

61
Q

IL-1 produced by

A

Glial cells and neurons

62
Q

Neg effects of elevated Il-1 offset by

A

Endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonists

63
Q

TNF alpha can suppress ___ directly and indirectly

A

Thyroid function

64
Q

TNF alpha produced by

A

Macrophages

65
Q

TNF alpha can be inhibited by

A

Vagal cholinergic stimulation

66
Q

Neuroendocrine peptides produced by

A

Immune cells

67
Q

ACTH suppresses macrophage activation and synthesis of

A

Antibodies by B cells

68
Q

Gonadotropins decrees activity of

A

T cells and NK cells

69
Q

PrL enhances activity of macrophages and synthesis of

A

Interferon

70
Q

Dopamine ___ PrL release

A

Inhibits

71
Q

TSH enhances

A

Antibody synthesis

72
Q

VIP inhibits

A

Proliferation of lymphocytes and NK cells

73
Q

Patients with spinal cord injury have decreased

A

NK cell function
T cell function
CAMs

74
Q

Chronic stress is associated with immune suppression, caused by

A

Corticosteroids

Catecholamines

75
Q

___ (an opioid receptor blocker) negates melatonin effect

A

Naltrexone

76
Q

Melatonin enhances

A

Immune system

77
Q

Axotomy dooms

A

Distal segment

78
Q

Neuronal degradation can propagate through circuit in both ___ and __ directions

A

Antro and retrograde

79
Q

Regenerative capacity: PNS___ than CNS

A

More plastic

80
Q

To minimize damage in nerve trauma, ____ can be used to prevent excitotoxicity

A

NMDA receptor antagonists

81
Q

Focal hand dystonia

A

Patient unable to independently control digits of hand

82
Q

Glia affect

A

Synaptogenesis

83
Q

Major output pathway of limbic system

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

Hypothalamus controls vegetative functions including

A 
Body temp
Osmolarity 
Motivation 
Thirst and hunger 
Cardiovascular regulation
Uterine contractility 
Milk ejection
85
Q

Stimulation of lateral hypothalamus

A

Thirst
Rage
Fighting

86
Q

Stimulation of ventromedial nucleus

A

Satiety

Tranquility

87
Q

Stimulation of periventricular nucleus or central gray

A

Fear and punishment reactions

88
Q

Extreme anterior or posterior regions of hypothalamus

A

Sex drive

89
Q

Reward centers located in

A

Medial forebrain

Especially lateral and VM nuclei

90
Q

Punishment centers located

A

Aqueduct of sylvius

91
Q

VTA sends out ___ to amygdala, striatum, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, ant Cingular cortex, prefrontal cortex

A

Dopamine

92
Q

Lowest density of endogenous opiate receptors

A

Cerebral cortex

93
Q

Highest density of endogenous opiate receptors

A

Amygdala

Hypothalamus

94
Q

Bilateral ablation of amygdala results in

A

Kluver- Bucy Syndrome

Loss of fear, excessive sexual drive, pain asymbolia, examine objects orally

95
Q

Constitute 1/2 volume of brain

A

Glial cells

96
Q

Major types of glial cells

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
97
Q

Macrophage of the CNS

A

Microglia

98
Q

Astrocytes store ___ and can supply fuel to neurons in the form of ___

A

Glycogen

Lactate

99
Q

___ modify and control immediate environment of neurons

A

Astrocytes

100
Q

Astrocytes permeable to ___ primarily

A

K+

101
Q

Astrocytes signal with

A

Ca2+ waves

102
Q

Source of trophic factors for neurons

A

Astrocytes

103
Q

Astrocytes have affinity for NT like ___ and ___

A

Glutamate

GABA

104
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Ca2+ waves travel across adjacent astrocytes via gap junctions

105
Q

Oligodendrocytes present

A

All areas of CNS

106
Q

Make and sustain myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

107
Q

Involved in pH regulation and contain carbonic anhydrase

A

Oligodendrocytes

108
Q

Involved in iron metabolism

A

Oligodendrocytes

Contain ferritin and transferritin

109
Q

20% of glia

A

Microglia

110
Q

Activated by injury

A

Microglia

111
Q

Release neurotoxins

A

Microglia

112
Q

Earliest glia in brain

A

Microglia

Phys 2 (5 decks)

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