special senses

Question 1

accuracy

Answer 1

acuity

Question 2

an example of this are eyecharts

Answer 2

acuity

Question 3

how good you hear

Answer 3

acuity

Question 4

based on the environment

Answer 4

accomodation

Question 5

the process in which the curvature of the lens changes in relationship to viewing distance

Answer 5

accomodation

Question 6

why do sounds feel louder in the morning

Answer 6

because auditory accomodation. our ears are sensative in the morning
-change is adapting to new volumes

Question 7

savory

Answer 7

umami

Question 8

detects amino acids (mainly glutamate) signaling protein rich foods

Answer 8

function of umami

Question 9

helps identify protein sources essential for muscle growth, tissue repair, and overall nutrition

Answer 9

umami

Question 10

Evolutionarily, detecting protein-rich foods was crucial for survival and development.

Answer 10

umami

Question 11

Detects carbohydrates and energy-rich foods.

Answer 11

sweets

Question 12

Responds to: Sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and some artificial sweeteners.

Answer 12

sweets

Question 13

Encourages consumption of high-energy foods necessary for survival, brain function, and physical activity.

Answer 13

sweets

Question 14

glucose and monocarbohydrates are molecules used to depolarize in

Answer 14

sweets

Question 15

Detects acidity, which can indicate ripeness, fermentation, or spoilage.

Answer 15

sour

Question 16

Responds to: Hydrogen ions (H⁺)

Answer 16

sour

Question 17

Helps assess food safety and balance pH levels in the body.

Answer 17

sour

Question 18

why do we want sour taste

Answer 18

signal fermentation (which can be beneficial) or spoilage (which can be harmful), helping with dietary choices.

Question 19

Function: Detects potentially toxic or harmful substances.

Answer 19

bitter

Question 20

Advantages: Helps avoid toxic or harmful substances that could cause illness or death.

Answer 20

bitter

Question 21

activates bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) on the tongue.

Answer 21

quinine

Question 22

Humans evolved to be highly sensitive to quinine’s bitterness to

Answer 22

avoid consuming toxic plants.

Question 23

Function: Detects sodium and other essential minerals for maintaining electrolyte balance.

Answer 23

salt

Question 24

Responds to: Sodium chloride (NaCl) and other mineral salts.

Answer 24

salt

Question 25

Advantages: Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions.

Answer 25

salt

Question 26

we have great senses towards salt because

Answer 26

electrolytes: electrical impulses and bloos pressure

Question 27

what does having 20/30 vision mean

Answer 27

You must be 20 feet away to see an object that a person with normal vision can see clearly from 30 feet away.

Question 28

what does the 20 and 30 mean in 20/30 vision

Answer 28

20= distance from the object 30= the distance at which a person with normal vision could read the same line clearly

Question 29

tells brain where body is -body position awareness

Answer 29

proprioception

Question 30

brain structure responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture. It integrates sensory information from the eyes (vision), inner ear (vestibular system), and body position (proprioception) to ensure smooth and accurate movements.

Answer 30

cerebellum

Question 31

cerebellar connection with vision

Answer 31

Controls eye tracking, gaze stabilization (VOR)

Question 32

cerebellar connection to vestibular

Answer 32

Receives inner ear signals, adjusts body position

Question 33

cerebellar connection to proprioception

Answer 33

Integrates muscle and joint feedback for movement control

Question 34

what 3 things does cerebellum afffect during balance

Answer 34

vision, vestibular apparatus, proprioception

Question 35

when viewing objects at a distance of 20 feet or beyond, why is the lens flat

Answer 35

the ciliary muscles that surround it relax, placing tension on the suspension ligaments attached to the lens

Question 36

when objects are near, what happens to lens

Answer 36

it becomes more biconvex (rounded) to focus light on the retina of the eye

Question 37

how does the lens become more biconvex due to its natural resiliency

Answer 37

the ciliary muscle contracts, releasing tension on the suspensory ligaments

Question 38

the ability to distinguish 2 points rather than one

Answer 38

visual acuity

Question 39

example of practical visual acuity test

Answer 39

snellen test

Question 40

why does the optic disk create a blindspot

Answer 40

location is on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye. this spot devoid of rods and cones and insensitive to light -no image processing

Question 41

instrument used to examine the inferior structure of the eye

Answer 41

opthalmoscope

Question 42

the strenght of each lens is measured in

Answer 42

diopters

Question 43

what diopter indicates a convex lens

Answer 43

+

Question 44

what diopter indicates a concave lens

Answer 44

-

Question 45

what diopter indicates no lens

Answer 45

zero

Question 46

are receding or approach sounds heard at a greater distance? why

Answer 46

approaching -sounds waves/doppler effect

Question 47

when the eyes ability to focus on close objects decline. this is due to the lend losing flexibility over time

Answer 47

presbyopia

Question 48

what causes color blindness

Answer 48

proboems with the cones in retina

Question 49

in center of retina and responsible for sharp central vision. has the highest concentration of cone cells

Answer 49

fovea centralis

Question 50

nearsightedness -eye too long, cornea too curves

Answer 50

myopia

Question 51

farsightedness

Answer 51

hyperopia

Question 52

What is the biological purpose of the patellar reflex?

Answer 52

Postural control and balance, prevent muscle overstretching, and neurological function testing (l2-l4)

Question 53

What physical difference explains why we have weaker two point discrimination in the skin of the back compared to the tips of our fingers

Answer 53

The density of sensory receptors ( specifically mechanoreceptors) and the size of the receptive fields Fingers have high density. Back of neck does not Receptor fields on fingers are small, meaning, the receptor responds to smaller area of skin.

Question 54

What is the pupillary reflex?

Answer 54

A protective response that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil

Question 55

What is the stimulus of the pupil reflex?

Answer 55

Light entering the eye

Question 56

What is the receptor of the pupil reflex?

Answer 56

Photo receptors, which are rods and cones in the retina

Question 57

What affarent neurons and the pupil reflex?

Answer 57

Optic nerve, which carries the visual information of the retina to the brain

Question 58

What is the efferent neuron in the pupil reflex?

Answer 58

The oculomotor nerve, which carries the motor command to muscles that control the pupil size

Question 59

What is the effect organ in the pupil reflex?

Answer 59

The iris muscles, specifically sphincter pupil muscle. This constricts the pupil in response to bright lights, causing pupillary constriction.