practical 2: hematocrit Flashcards
refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, water, proteins, enzymes, salt, hormones, gases, and waste products
blood
carries the nutrients, water, hormones, vitamins, and oxygen necessary for metabolic processes in the cell and transports cellular wastes to organs for disposal
blood
what do the contents of blood play a role in
establishing blood pressure, which directly influences functioning of the heart
plays a major role in immune system
blood
transported to various tissues of the body where they function in responding to and destroy foreign cell components that have invaded the body
wbc
rbc might vary in the kinds of proteins, called —-, that are located on the outer surface of the cell
antigens
process that places blood into categories based upon the type of antigens the rbc possesses or lack
blood typing
foundation for successful transfusions of blood
blood typing
most common categorize of blood type
ABO system
the scientific study or diagnostic examination of blood serum, especially with regard to the response of the immune system to pathogens or introduced substances.
serology
measure of the percentage of rbc in the whole blood
hematocrit
this indicates a reduced percentage of erythrocytes and therefore a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen
low hematocrit reading
normal hematocrit for males
42-57
-average 47
normal hematocrit for women
37-47
-average 42
average hematocrit for the populaion
45
what condition occurs when reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen
anemia
causes of anemia
-iron deficiency (diet, nutrients)
-trauma (menstruation)
-bone marrow problems
-chronic diseases
types of anemia
iron-deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia
what causes iron deficiency anemia
The most common type of anemia, caused by insufficient iron, often due to poor diet, excessive bleeding, or malabsorption.
what causes pernicious anemia
unable to absorb iron efficiently
what causes aplastic anemia
A rare condition where the bone marrow produces insufficient blood cells, including red blood cells.
unregular cell division
cancer
what causes anemia by too many wbc
leukemia
the parent cell that makes rbc, wbc, platelets
hematopoietic stem cells
protect against foreign pathogens
antibodies
naked cell, no antigens.
blood type O
the superior layer of the hematocrit
plasma
inferior layer of hematocrit
erythrocytes
between the plasma and erythrocyte layer. contains wbc and platelets
buffy coat
an individuals blood may possess specific protein —–, designated anti-a and anti-b, that can attach to erythrocyte antigens that cause—-
antibodies; agglutination
results in erythrocytes clumping together thereby reducing their ability to effectively perform their task. this prevents erythrocytes from passing through small vessels, depriving tissue of oxygen
agglutination
positive or negative demonstrates the value determined by presence or absence of another antigen called —-, which is named after —–
Rh factor; rhesus monkey
which Rh factor has the antibody D
Rh-
Which blood types have the antigen D
A+, B+, AB+, O+
functions in oxygen transport and corbon dioxide removal, pH regulation, maintain blood pressure and flow
erythrocytes
play a role in immune response: phagocytosis, replace enzymes and cytokines to promote inflammation
-first reposnders and kill bacteria
-multilobed
neutrophils
play a role in immune system: phagocytosis, inflammation, process antigens to t lymphocytes, tissue repair, regulate homeostasis
-kidney shaped
monocyte
defense against parastatic infection, allergin protection
-bilobed
eosinophils
allergic reactions
-bi/trilobed
Basophils
include t, b, nk cells. kills viruses and regulate immune response
-deep stain
lymphocytes
— primary role is transporting oxygen molecules in the blood
-can carry 4 oxygen molecules
carry 98.5% oxygen and 20% carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
detects rbc hemoglobin concentration by comparing the color value of a blood sample with a known blood hemoglobin velur color chart
the tallquist method
what condition is evident by a lower than normal rbc hemoglobin concentration
anemia
identify factors that can contribute to a low hemoglobin concentration reading
nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, trauma
scientific study of serum and other body fluids to identify and analyze antibodies and antigens (to diagnose disease and find blood type)
serology
liquid component of blood. trasnports nutrients, hormones, and wastes thru body
plasma
fluid portion of blood that remains after clotting. used in serology to detect antigens and antibodies
serum
study of the immune system
immunology
foreign substance that triggers immune response and stimulates antibody production
antigen
protein produced by B cells by antigen
-it destructs
antibody
blood serum with specific antibodies against particular antigen. used to treat infections
antiserum
clumping of cells caused by interaction of antibodies with antigens. used in blood type tests and diagnose infections
agglutination
has A-antigens and anti- antibodies
type a
b-antigens and anti-a antibodies
type b
has both a and b antigens (universal recipient)
type ab
has no a or b antigens but both a and b antibodies (universal donor)
type o
Calculate the hematocrit
RBC’S / total volume = hematocrit in %
