practical 2: ekg Flashcards
when the atrium contracts, marks start of systole
p wave
starts atrial diastole and start of ventricular systole
qrs complex
what happens between s and t wave
lub
relaxation of ventricle (wave?)
t wave
1st impulse of electricity in heart
sa node
sparks depolarization bc gap junctions in both atria
sa node
receives signal and pauses and holds, then let go. connected to cardiomyocites
av node
apex of heart is closest to
left hip
the activity of the heart can be measured by both
invasive and non-invasive methods
include pulmonary artery catheters and central venous pressure lines
invasive
include blood pressure, pulse, auscultation, and eks
noninvasive techniques
measures electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiogram
possesses specialized cardiac muscle tissue which is able to generate spontaneous depolarizations
the heart
where do spontaneous depolarizations occur in the heart
sinoatrial node
what does the resulting electrical impulses (action potentials) of sa node do
moves thru right and left myocardium resulting in synchronous contraction of both chambers
lies at the base of right atrium
av node (atrioventricular node)
lies in the interventricular septum
bundle of his
after bundle of his
bundle branches
after bundle branches.
-located thruout the myocardium of the ventricle walls as well as papillary muscles
purkinje fibers
stimulate the synchronous contraction of both ventricles as well as papillary muscles
purkinje fibers
contraction phase of the heart
systole
relaxation phase
diastole
indicates the pressure exerted at each stage which in turn indicates the mechanical function of heart
blood pressure measurements
utilized to measure electrical activity only and cannot determine the hearts mechanical energy
ecg
why is the human body a good conductor of electrical impulses
because of high concentrations of ions in body fluid
electrical impulses produced by body travel thru body fluids to
body surface
how can electrical impulses be detected
placing electrodes on different areas of the body
record the differences in potentials between two of the leads, the third act as a ground
-aka bipolar limb leads (ra,la,ll)
standard limb leads (1.2.3)
the triangle formed by electrode placement is called
einthovens triangle
a more detailed explanation of the hearts electrical activity can be conducted in —
-commonly referred to as — and is routinely conducted in a clinical setting
-unipolar leads
-12 lead ecg
unipolar chest leads are placed
v1-v6
commonly used to detect heart electral activity
lead 2 (LL-RA)
represents the electrical depolarization of the atria that occurs just prior to atrial contraction
p wave
produced by the depolarization of ventricles just prior to ventricular contraction
qrs complex
produced by repolarization of ventricles which occur during diastole
t wave
measured from the beginning of the p wave to the beginning of the q wave and is an estimate of the time of conduction through the av node
p-q interval
in an ekg, what determines a healthy individual
three sets of waves occur in a lead 2 ekg
bradycardia
slow
tachycardia
fast
a type of irregular heartbeat where the heart’s upper chambers (atria) beat too quickly, often at a rate of 250 to 300 beats per minute. While the atria are beating rapidly, the ventricles (lower chambers) may not beat as fast, leading to a relatively regular, but fast, heartbeat
atrial flutter
an irregular and often rapid heart rhythm that occurs when the upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat chaotically and out of sync with the lower chambers (ventricles). This irregular heartbeat can lead to serious complications like stroke and heart failure.
atrial fibrillation
also known as first-degree heart block, is a mild form of arrhythmia characterized by a prolonged PR interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This means the electrical signal takes longer than normal to travel from the atria (upper heart chambers) to the ventricles (lower heart chambers). This can lead to a slower-than-normal heart rate, also known as bradycardia.
first degree av block
a heart condition where not all electrical signals from the atria (upper chambers) to the ventricles (lower chambers) are transmitted, resulting in missed heartbeats
second degree av block
also known as complete heart block, is a condition where the electrical signal from the heart’s upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles) is completely blocked. This means the atria and ventricles contract independently, leading to a potentially dangerous slow heart rate and reduced cardiac output.
third degree av block
extra heartbeats that originate in the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, causing the heart to beat earlier than it should.
premature ventricular contractions
a dangerous heart rhythm where the heart’s lower chambers beat too fast. This rapid heartbeat can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood to the body, potentially leading to loss of consciousness, low blood pressure, and even cardiac arrest.
ventricular tachycardia
the ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart quiver instead of contracting normally, leading to a lack of blood flow and potentially cardiac arrest
ventricular fibrillation
-The quivering means that your heart is not pumping blood out to the rest of your body.
what is a normal heart rate in humans (bpm)
60/100 bpm
pacemaker of the heart
sa node
what are abnormal heart sounds called
murmurs
an abnormally long p-r interval indicates
first degree av block
this ecg wave occurs before ventricles contract
p wave
this ecg wave occurs after ventricles contract
t wave
contraction phase of heart
systole
relaxation phase of heart
diastole
leads 1,2,3 are called the standard — leads
bipolar limb
blood passing and pumping of blood
pulse
why do we not take pulse on both coratid arteries at same time
pressure tells brain and it will lower blood pressure wich results in pass out. cut off blood supply to brain
what receptor is on coratid artery
baroreceptor (pressure)
why dont we take pulse with thumbs
thumbs have pulse too
listening to heart
auscultation
feeling pulse
palpation
what tool do we use for heart murmurs, respritory, and abdomin
stethoscope
what artery is used during bp test
brachial artery
