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Human Anatomy & Physiology Autonomic System > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Special Senses

A

Taste, Smell, Sight, Hearing

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2
Q

Olfaction

A

Sensation of Smell

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3
Q

Olfactory Fibers

A

The reason why it’s the bulb, because it has cell bodies.

It is like Olfactory Ganglia

Cribiform Plate is on either side of the crista galli

Cells will be the olfactory cells, then support cells are in between

Part of the mucus membrane or epithelial of the nasal cavity, so you will pick up different chemicals that will be registered as smell

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4
Q

How is sense of smell determined?

A

Axons pass through the cribiform plate, synapse at the cell body of the olfactory bulb ending at the olfactory areas of the brain

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5
Q

True or False? Each olfactory bulb will pick up the different or specific chemicals that are perceived as smell

A

True

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6
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of Taste

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7
Q

Are taste and smell closely related?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Where is sensation of taste picked up?

A

On taste buds on the sides of the papilla

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9
Q

6 Senses of taste

A

Sweet

Sour

Salt

Bitter

Umami

pH

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10
Q

Umami

A

More of the savory sensation, picks up different amino acids

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11
Q

pH sense of taste

A

Spicy foods

Tongue

Throat and Soft Pallet

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12
Q

Throat and Soft Pallet

A

Have taste buds, areas inside of the mouth

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13
Q

Papillae

A

Projections of the tongue

Epithelial projections on the surface of the tongue that contain the actual taste bud

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14
Q

Three parts of the Papillae

A

Circumvallate Papillae

Fungiform Papillae

Filliform Papillae

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15
Q

Circumvallate Papillae

A

relatively large. 20 of these. Inverted V pattern on back of the tongue

Bitter is found back here. Protective taste because most people don’t like the sensation of bitter.

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16
Q

Fungiform Plate

A

Mushroom shaped. They’re knob like elevations, comes from fungi.

Little bumps on the surface of the tongue. Most of them will be fungiform papillae

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17
Q

Filliform Papillae

A

More pointy and tall.

Anteriorly covers 2/3 of the tongue

Filliform means threadlike, or thread shaped

Can elongate with deficiency in nutrition(hairy tongue)

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18
Q

Taste Buds

A

Are circular structures; They are neurologic receptors for taste on the sides of the papilla.

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19
Q

Gustatory Cells

A

Connected to nerves, supporting cells.

Opening is the taste pore, taste hairs are sticking up to pick up sensations, microvilli, chemicals picked up.

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20
Q

Why are taste receptors located on the sides and not the top?

A
  1. Because you get the moisture from the saliva in the nooks and crannies mixing with the taste sensation to more easily diffuse those chemicals. So chemical diffusion is one reason it’s on the side. If it’s on top, there’s less moisture and less diffusion. It will take longer to diffuse the chemicals we perceive as taste
  2. By setting on the sides, they are protected from abrasions. To keep from damaging them
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21
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A

Cranial Nerves 7, 9, 10. Picking up sensation of taste

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22
Q

Eyeball

A

2.5 cm in diameter

Three layers of the eyeball

Anterior 1/6 of eyeball is exposed

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23
Q

Fibrous Tunic (Outer Tunic)

A

fibrous coat

Has 2 parts:
Sclera

Cornea
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24
Q

Sclera

A

the white of the eye.

Posterior part

Gives shape to the eye

Posteriorly pierced by the optic nerve

25
Q

Cornea

A

Fibrous Tunic

Transparent nervous tissue

Anterior part

Nonvascular transparent nervous tissue

Covered by a continuous epithelial layer called the conjunctiva

26
Q

Physiology of Cornea

A

Light is bend and refracted to be placed on the back of the retina.

Light rays pass through the lens, they are bent or refracted to be placed on the back of the retina. Cornea bends the light rays more than any structure inside the eye.

Important because we place that image on the back of the retina.

27
Q

Function of Lens

A

Allows for adjusting so we can see things.

It can bulge and flatten to help place that image on the back of the retina

28
Q

Limbus

A

Junction in between the cornea and sclera

29
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

Tunic means coat. It has a lot of vessels in it. Commonly known as Uvea

30
Q

Three parts of the Uvea

A

Choroid

Ciliary Body

Iris

31
Q

Choroid

A

Posterior 2/3 of the eye.

Deep in the sclera

Highly vascular, lots of capillaries, serves as the blood for the retina

Also pigmented, thin brown membrane

Optic nerve pierces this layer too

As it moves forward, it transitions into the Ciliary Body

32
Q

The reason for pigmentation?

A

So light rays absorb and don’t bounce around in the eye. Because it will decrease visual acuity.

33
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregularities of the surface of the cornea.

34
Q

Ciliary Body

A

thick anterior part of the choroid

Has ciliary muscles

Suspensory Ligaments

Contraction of the ciliary muscles relaxes the suspensory ligaments allowing the lens to bulge

Because of the orientation of the muscle fibers, it allows this to happen

Fibers are pulling the ciliary muscles causing it to bulge

35
Q

Suspensory Ligaments

A

Like a trampoline, the tramp would be the lens and the springs would be the suspensory ligaments radiating from the tramp, they will either loosen or tighten the shape of the lens or eyeball

Lens can either bulge out or flatten

36
Q

Iris

A

Smooth muscle fibers responsible for constriction and dilation of the pupil (inner opening)

37
Q

Pupil

A

Inner opening of the iris

38
Q

Iris Muscle fibers

A

arranged in the shape of a doughnut

Has two sets:
Circular
Radial

39
Q

Circular Fibers

A

Sphincter, like the orbicular oris, orbicular oculeye

When we contract the circular fibers the size of the pupil will shrink, causing pupillary constriction.

Cranial nerve 3 runs through the ciliary ganglion causing pupillary constriction

40
Q

Radial Fibers

A

Radiate out from the pupil

Bound to the edge of the iris. So when these contract, it causes the pupil to open up or causes pupillary dilation

Smooth muscles, ciliary ganglion causes or creates the pupils to dilate

Optic nerve brings light in and sends it back out

41
Q

Retina

A

Inner coat of the eye

Contains visual receptors for sight

Covers only posterior part of the eye

42
Q

Nervous Tissue Layer of Retina

A

2nd layer

Photoreceptors are located here

Most superficial layer to light

Layer meaning light ray prospective tissue

43
Q

Pigmented Layer of Retina

A

Deepest tissue

Assist the choroid in absorbing scattering photons of light

Increase visual acuity

44
Q

4 Layers of the Eye

A

Nervous Layer

Pigmented Layer

Choroid Layer

Scelera Layer

45
Q

Structures Associated with the Retina

A

Optic Disc

Macula Lutea

Central Fovea

46
Q

Optic Disc

A

Located inferiorly and medially on the back of the retina.

Blind spot, region where optic nerve pierces the back where it enters the eye

47
Q

Macula Lutea

A

means yellow spot in the exact center of the retina

Areas where we have extremely sharp vision because of the high density of cones

Lateral and Superior to the Optic Disc

48
Q

Physiology of Macula Lutea

A

When it is bright in the room, we can see all the different colors. But as light diminishes or decreases we start to lose color, we start to see variations of gray. In bright light, we’ve got these cones that are found in the center of our visual field, if we want to see something we’re gonna look directly at that individual and place that image on the back of the retina.

49
Q

Central Fovea

A

Contains only cones and nothing else

Where we place the specific image we’re looking at.

In the direct center of the macula lutea. Avascular, no capillaries in here. No blood vessels

50
Q

Chambers and Cavities of the Eye

A

Anterior Cavity

Posterior Cavity

51
Q

Anterior Cavity

A

From the lens forward. Two Parts:

Anterior Chamber

Posterior Chamber

52
Q

Anterior Chamber of Anterior Cavity

A

From the Iris to the cornea

53
Q

Posterior Chamber of Anterior Cavity

A

From the Iris to the lens

54
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

One part, aka Vitreous Body

Behind lens to retina

Slow turnover rate of the gelatinous, replenished over period of 13-20 years

55
Q

Flow of Aqueous Humor

A

Fluid in the front

Found in the anterior cavity.

Replenished all the time

Ciliary body produces the flow of aqueous humor

It then flows to posterior chamber up through the iris (pupil) into the anterior chamber, picked up by venous vessel or to Canal of Schlemm, drained by canal of schlemm, and return it to the venous blood.

If it gets blocked leads to glaucoma, which glaucoma can cause blindness

56
Q

Closed Angle Glaucoma

A

Fluid can’t get drained out

57
Q

Opened Angle Glaucoma

A

Fluid gets blocked, prevents fluid from re-absorbing

58
Q

Tonometers

A

Measures the air pressure back from the eye ball.

Decreased blood flow to the back of the eye, retina

59
Q

Functions of Posterior Cavity

A

Stabilizes the eyeball

Holds the Retina against the back of the eye

It’s transparent so it allows light rays to pass through it so it can go to the posterior aspect of the eye.

Human Anatomy & Physiology Autonomic System (4 decks)

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