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Human Anatomy & Physiology Autonomic System > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Lens

A

A transparent, biconcave structure located behind the iris

Attached to the ciliary body by suspensory ligaments, layers of protein fiber arranged like a onion layered skin

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2
Q

Cataracts

A

Opacity of the lens; Opaque, Cloudy, not transparent

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3
Q

Causes of Cataracts

A

Idiopathic, don’t know what caused it

Senile as you get older

Radiation

Long time usage of certain druges

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4
Q

Focal Point

A

Light passing through the lens is bent or refracted to a specific point

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5
Q

Focal Distance

A

Distance from the middle of the lens to the focal point

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6
Q

Accomodation

A

ability of the lens to flatten or bulge, or bending of the lens to place focal point on the retina to allow the object to be focused

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7
Q

What is the function of the lens

A

To bend or flatten to refract the light rays to place on the retina

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8
Q

Visual Acuity is based on what chart?

A

Snellen’s Chart

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9
Q

20/20 Vision

A

Normal Vision

Standing 20 feet away and being able to see the 2nd to bottom line

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10
Q

20/15 Vision

A

Better vision than 20/20

Standing 20 feet away and being able to see the last line

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11
Q

20/30

A

Worse than Normal Vision

Standing 20 feet away and being able to see the 3rd line from the bottom line

Normal person can see what a 20/30 person can see 30 feet away instead of 20, which is what the 20/30 person can see

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12
Q

20/200

A

Legally Blind

Albino’s are legally blind because they don’t have enough pigment in the back of the eye to absorb scattered photons of light.

This person stands 20 feet away and can see what a 20/20 vision person can see at 200 feet away.

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13
Q

What refracts light more than anything?

A

Cornea

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14
Q

As we allow light rays to pass through the eyeball, is light rays traveling through different densities of tissue?

A

Yes they are traveling through many different densities of tissue. The first thing they travel through is the cornea, then the aqueous humor, then through the lens, then through the vitreous humor.

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15
Q

What is the only thing that has the ability to adapt to change the refraction?

A

Lens

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16
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal Vision

When ciliary muscles are relaxed the lens flattens, placing a distant image in focus on retina

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17
Q

Myopia

A

Near Sighted

Can see normal at close range but blurs at distance.

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18
Q

Characteristics of Myopia

A

Elastic bulging lens

The eyeball could be too deep

It places the focal point in front of the retina then diverge the light rays behind it, on the central fovea, but if you can’t get it on the central fovea it decreases visual acuity

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19
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far Sighted. What you’re good at

Short and Flat lens

Cannot refract light rays as well

Can see at normal distance, but not close up.

Less elastic lens and shallow eyeball.

Focal point is behind the retina.

Flatter lens, less refraction allows it to hopefully place that focal point, especially distant vision on the back of the retina

Focal Point is behind the Retina.

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20
Q

Presbyopia

A

Farsightedness in older people

Can’t see up close

Doesn’t bend the light as well due to loss of elasticity of the lens

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21
Q

Single Binocular Vision

A

Humans, both eyes focus on one object

Object is refracted to identical spots on both retinas

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22
Q

Eye Dominance

A

Use one eye basically to see and one eye to judge depth perception

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23
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

The perception of 2 images of a single object

The brain is adaptable. Orbital Fracture, restrict eye movement. That’s relatively an acute condition because the brain hasn’t had a chance to accomodate for it. But if you leave it, you will eventually suppress the bad eye image and you will eventually see the one image again

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24
Q

Strabismus

A

Cross eyed

Usually don’t have double vision because brain learns to suppress one image

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25
Q

Astigmatism

A

Imperfections in the cornea disrupting clarity of vision;

Certain parts of the visual field will be fuzzy

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26
Q

Two Types of Photoreceptors

A

Rods

Cones

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27
Q

Rods

A

High Sensitive to minimal light. Allows us to see at night (shapes and movement)

More dense away from the center

Sensitive to light in general not color

Work better in low light

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28
Q

Discs contain what?

A

Rhodopsin

Also known as visual purple; Reddish purplish pigment

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29
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The presence of photon of light that is broken down into Opsin and Retinene

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30
Q

How does Opsin and Retinene get converted back to Rhodopsin

A

By ATP and ADP + Pi

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31
Q

Dissection of Rods?

A

Discs, Nucleus, and Synaptic Endings

Specialized receptors for light up on top, rest supports the structure

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32
Q

Where does Retinene comes from?

A

Vitamin A

It is important in Night Vision

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33
Q

When can you actually see or perceive that flash of light?

A

When the photon of light breaks up Rhodopsin into the two structures.

It takes awhile to bring the two back together, it requires ATP, as Rhodopsin

When we reform rhodopsin we can no longer see the sensation of light

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34
Q

Ghost Images

A

Look at the lights, close our eyes and perceive an after image, it will be there for awhile until we reform the rhodopsin

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35
Q

Cones

A

Receptors for color and visual acuity (sharp vision)

Do not work in low light. Work in bright light. That is why we go from normal day to dusk, we start to lose color, because the cones cannot pick up enough light to perceive the color to fire the cone, so the Rods work

Found in greater numbers towards the center of the retina

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36
Q

Where is the highest concentration of Cones?

A

Macula Lutea

Fovea Centralis

Cones contain 3 types of photopigments that require bright light for breakdown. Much more complex than Rhodopsin

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37
Q

Amount of Red Cones in the eye?

A

74%

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38
Q

Amount of Blue cones in the eye?

A

16%

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39
Q

Amount of Green cones in the eye?

A

10%

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40
Q

When will you get White Light?

A

When all the cones are firing

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41
Q

What is the Pigmented Layers job?

A

Job is to absorb any scattered photons of light so that they don’t bounce up and hit something that they shouldn’t hit. It would create a decrease in visual acuity

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42
Q

What is involved in adjusting the sensitivity of light that the brain receives?

A

Amacrine and Horizontal Cells

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43
Q

What does the Amacrine and Horizontal Cells do?

A

They help to adjust the amount of information that goes from here (Dark and Light Adaptation) to the brain.

For example: Start out in dark lodge, walk out to start skiing, it’s painful to look at the snow because it’s too bright, but after awhile the brightness decreases it’s not as painful. Then you go back inside the lodge you can’t see because it’s so dark, you’re adjusting the sensitivity over a period of time to what you’re obviously visually seeing.

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44
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

An increase in sensitivity to light while in the dark.

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45
Q

Direct Pupillary Reflex

A

Pupils constrict when light is shined directly into the one eye

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46
Q

Indirect Pupillary Reflex

A

Pupil constrict in the opposite eye when light is shined directly into one eye

47
Q

Light Adaptation

A

a decrease in sensitivity to light after exposure

100 fold difference

48
Q

Purpose of Direct and Indirect Pupillary Reflex

A

Decrease light when entering the eye

Protects the retina from overexposure

Increases depth of field of focus

Improves image sharpness

49
Q

Optic Fibers From Lateral Retina

A

They are ipsilateral

50
Q

Medial Retina goes to which side?

A

Opposite side

51
Q

Does Optic Chiasm have crossing fibers?

A

Yes

52
Q

If you have a pituitary tumor and it sets on the back, it affect what?

A

Crossing Fibers, the part of the visual field that you would have a problem with

53
Q

What part of the visual field would you lose if you had the lesion on the back of the medial side of the optic chiasma?

A

You would have a problem seeing laterally

54
Q

If the medial retina is effected what would it effect?

A

It would effect the lateral visual field creating tunnel vision.

55
Q

Palpebra

A

Upper Eye lid

56
Q

Palpebral Fissure

A

Where eye lid comes into contact with the eyeball itself

57
Q

Lateral Canthus

A

Lateral angle of the eye

58
Q

Medial Canthus

A

Medial angle of the eye

59
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

fleshy part (pink and round) in the medial or nasal corner of your eye where you get the eye gunk

60
Q

Lacrimal Puncta

A

Little holes in the Lacrimal Caruncle

Drain fluid into the nasal cavity

61
Q

Meibomian Glands

A

Sebaceous glands located along the inner eyelid

Produces mucous

Lipid like substance that reduces surface tension between the eyelids

62
Q

Chalazion

A

Infected meibomian gland

Not painful

63
Q

Stye

A

Infected eyelash hair follicle

Painful

64
Q

Tarsal Plate

A

Thick fold of connective tissue lining each eyelid, providing support

Upper eyelid, levator palpebra, allows eyelid to move up as one unit instead of accordian like

65
Q

Conjuctiva

A

A protective specialized epithelial tissue that covers the eyelids and eye ball

Two Parts

Palpebral

Bulbar

66
Q

Bulbar

A

Lines outside the eyeball

67
Q

Fornix

A

Area where the palpebral meets the bulbar

68
Q

Superior Oblique

A

Down and In

C4 Trochlear Nerve

69
Q

Inferior Oblique

A

Up and In

C3 Oculomotor Nerve

70
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

Abducens

Abducts the pupil and pulls it laterally

71
Q

Superior Rectus

Medial Rectus

Inferior Rectus

A

Oculomotor nerve

72
Q

Pinna

A

Entire structure of the ear

Job is funnel or channel the sound into the external ear canal

73
Q

Ear Lobe

A

the bottom portion of the pinna (ear)

where you get your ears pierced

74
Q

External Auditory Meatus

A

Black area in the ear

75
Q

Tragus

A

Flap on in the middle of the ear

Deflects air away from ear. It deflects turbulence so you can hear better when facing the wind

76
Q

Turbulence

A

Creates sound

77
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Produces ear wax (sterile)

78
Q

Ear Divisions

A

External, Middle, and Inner Ear

79
Q

External Ear

A

Pinna - directs sound waves towards Tympanic Membrane

External Auditory Canal - conducts vibrations

80
Q

Divider between External and Middle Ear

A

Tympanic Membrane

81
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Divider

Has the middle ear

6 Ossicles - 3 on each side

82
Q

MIS

A

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

83
Q

Functions of MIS

A

Transmits sound waves generated at the Tympanic Membrane to the oval window

84
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Connect the little ear to the nasal pharanyx

Middle ear and outside air

Equalizes pressure

85
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A

Balance and equilibrium

86
Q

Cochlea

A

Hearing

87
Q

Tensor Tympani

A

1 of 2 muscles that attaches to the Tympanic Membrane and it will contract when we anticipate loud sounds

88
Q

Ossicles

A

Transmit sound

89
Q

Two Components of Inner Ear

A

Controlled by the Vestibular Cochlear Nerve

  1. Vestibular Portion involved in balance and equilibrium
  2. Cochlear Portion involved in hearing
90
Q

Mechanism of Hearing

A

Housed in Cochlea

91
Q

O. R.

A

Oval Window before Round Window

92
Q

Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani

A

Connected to each other

93
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Tectorial Membrane

Sterocilia

Basilar Membrane

94
Q

Steps for hearing

A

Sound waves come into the scala vestibuli causethe vestibular membrane to vibrate

Causing endolymph to transmit sound waves to the tectorial membrane which vibrates causing the stereocilia to move

Movement of the hair cells or sterocilia cause a nerve impulse

95
Q

Sound waves

A

The distance of sound wave travels down the membrane depends on the frequency of the soundwave.

96
Q

High Frequency

A

Perceived close to the oval window

Travel short distance along the stereocilia

97
Q

Low Frequency

A

Travels further away from the oval window

Travel a longer distance along the stereocilia

98
Q

Neural Deafness

A

Caused by breaking the stereocilia.

99
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

Caused by blocking the canals, etc. thus preventing the sound waves from reaching the stereocilia

100
Q

Tempanic Membrane

A

Is the ear drum

101
Q

Static Equilibrium

A

Your Heads position relative to gravity

Balance problems Tilting your head

102
Q

Macula

A

Receptors inside the utricle and sacculethat perceive changes in head position relative to gravity

103
Q

Otoliths

A

Ear stones

Crystals of Calcium set on top of the gelatinous mass

104
Q

Gelatinous Mass

A

Changes in head position relative to gravity cause a shift in the position of the gelatinous mass causing hair cells to fire

105
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Detect rotational acceleration/deceleration movement

Accelerate and feel that sense of acceleration

Deceleration feel when you stop

106
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

all at right angles to each other to detect the relative movement of Acceleration and Deceleration movement in any plane

107
Q

Ampulla

A

The opening

Swelling at the end of the canal

108
Q

Crista

A

Raised structure with hairs embedded into the cupula

109
Q

Inertia

A

Short lived

As we takeoff, we accelerate, forward movement

Fluid in the semicircular canal lags behind causing the cupula bending backward or in one direction

110
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

Filled with Fluid

111
Q

Initial Rotation of the head

A

When head rotates - cupula bends due to movement of endolymph against the cupula

Stimulates hair cells to fire

112
Q

Nystagmus

A

Movement of the eyes until the cupula is no longer bent (causes rapid lateral repetitive eye movement

113
Q

Inertia is overcome

A

Now the endolymph is moving at the same speed as the cupula and the cupula does not bend and the nerve does not fire

114
Q

After Inertia

A

Head stops rotating and the endolymph continues to rotate and the cupula is displaced in the opposite direction

Nerve fires again

Human Anatomy & Physiology Autonomic System (4 decks)

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