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Histology Exam 3 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eye

A

cornea-sclera
uvea
retina

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2
Q

What are the three chambers of the eye

A

vitreous
posterior
anterior

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3
Q

does vitreous body get washed away in H&e stains

A

yes

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4
Q

Where does the cornea-sclera layer become one or the other

A

corna 1/6 sclera 5/6. the junction is called the cornealscleral junction

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5
Q

Is the cornea vascular? innervated?

A

No… i t is transparent. it gets its nourishment from aqueous humor and tear film
it is highly innervated

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6
Q

What is the epithelium of the cornea? endothelium

A

stratified squamous is the epitherlium

endothilium is large simple squamous

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7
Q

What is the basement membrane of the cornea

A

There are two. The OUTER membrane is the Bowman’s membrane and the one near the anterior chamber is the Descemet’s membrane.

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8
Q

What is between the epi and endothelium of the cornea

A

THe stroma. it is mostly regularly arrange collagen fibers with fibroblasts.

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9
Q

Where does herpes virus target on the eye

A

the corneal epitheilum and causes keratitis

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10
Q

What is the sclera composed of

A

eosinophilic collagen fibers, elastic fibers and fibroblasts (structural support)

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11
Q

Is the sclera vascularized

A

poorly

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12
Q

Is the retina or sclera thicker

A

Sclera is much thicker

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13
Q

Where is aqueous humor made

A

Ciliary body epithelial in the cornea-sclera junction. aqueous humor is in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

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14
Q

What is the canal of schlemm

A

drainage of the aqueous humor bc aqueous humor is continually produced. from the anterior chamber and through trabecular meshwork into the venous system of the eye

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15
Q

What is a glaucoma

A

increased intra-ocular pressure because of decreased drainage of aqueous humor

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16
Q

What are the two types of gluacoma

A

Open angle chronic glaucoma- progress at a slow rate

acute angle closure- emergency, sudden onset of pain, redness, increased pressure, nausea, vomiting

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17
Q

The choroid, ciliary body, iris, and lens are all part of what layer of the eye?

A

Uvea

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18
Q

which layer of the eye is the vascular layer

A

uvea

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19
Q

What is the choroid? what kind of cells

A

Heavily pigmented melanocytes to absorb light passed through the retina
the melanocytes are a non-reflective base for the cells to sit upon

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20
Q

What is the choriocapillary layer

A

the rich capillary layer with areterioles and venules

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21
Q

What is the cilliary body? the cilliary processes?

A

Pigmented epithelium that covers the vitreal and posterior chamber surfaces and makes aqueous humor.
The cilliary process are fingerlike extensions that extend to the posterior chamber

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22
Q

What is the cilliary muscle

A

muscle for lens accomidation

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23
Q

What are the zonule fibers

A

they attach the cilliary process to the lens

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24
Q

What happens to the zonule fibers when the cilliary muscle is relaxed? What is the effect?

A

There is increased tension on the zonule fibers so the lens stretches and flattens allowing the eye to focus at a distance

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25
Q

What happens to the zonule fibers when the cilliary muscle is contracted? What is the effect?

A

Less tension so the lens is round and focus on near objects

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26
Q

What is the pars ciliaris of retina

A

A dual layer of epithelial cells that covers the cilliary process (one pigmented one not pigemented layer)

27
Q

What is the iris? What kind of tissue is it?

A

Extension of ciliary body that divides the anterior and porteior chambers
a loose vascular tissue with melanocytes and fibroblasts

28
Q

What causes pupil dilation? Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Radially oriented myoepithilal cells by sympathetic dilation

29
Q

What causes pupil contraction? Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Circumfrential (sphincter) smooth muscle. Of parasympathetic control.

30
Q

WHat is responsible for accommodation/docus

A

lens

31
Q

What is the shape of the lens

A

a biconcave epithelial body

32
Q

How many layers does the lens have?

A

3, the capsule (thick basement membrane), epithelium (homeostatic fxns)` and fibers

33
Q

What is a cataract

A

visual impairment and blindness causes by lens clouding

34
Q

What is prebyopia

A

Impaired vision because of decreased elasticity of the lens associated with aging

35
Q

Where is the focal point when the lens of relaxed? when stretched?

A

relaxed:
stretched: distance

36
Q

Where is the retina proper?

A

it is the photosensitive neural retina found on the posterior part of the eye

37
Q

What is the transition of the retina from the retina proper to the bi layer part of the retina

A

Ora Serrata

38
Q

Where do you find the pigmented epithelium of the retina? is it photosensitive?

A

No it is not photosensitive
it is the layer just outside of the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells and is attached to the underlying choroid.

39
Q

what is the site of most acute vision

A

Fovea

40
Q

embryonic retinal development - retina comes from what structure?

A

The optic vessicle which grows from the diencephalon of the brain. Once it reaches the anterior surface it invaginates itnto a double walled cup.

41
Q

When the double walled cup forms during retinal development what does the inner layer become? the outer layer?

A

Inner- photosensitive retina

Outer- pigmented epithelium

42
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

the optic disc (papilla) leaving as the optic nerve

43
Q

Is the pigmented layer exterior of the photosensitive retina

A

True.

44
Q

Where do you find the greatest number of rods?

A

20 degrees of central foveal discs

45
Q

What do rods do? are there more or less rods than cones

A

Mediate vision in dim light.

There are more rods

46
Q

What do cones do

A

Mediate daylight vision and sense color (different wavelengths)

47
Q

What is the photosensitive pigment within photoreceptors

A

Rhodopsin

48
Q

Which is the apical region of the photoreceptors?

A

Outersegment- it has foldings of plasmalemma that contain photosensitive proteins.

49
Q

Which cells do photoreceptors synapse with?

A

Bipolar cells (which synapse with ganglion cells)

50
Q

What is the layer next to the pigmented layer? the layer after that?

A

Receptor layer with rods and cones, then the external limiting membrane

51
Q

What is in the external limiting membrane?

A

Junctional Complexes

52
Q

In what layer is the synaptic zone between receptors, bipolar and horizontal cells

A

Outer plexiform layer

53
Q

What layer of the retina do you find Mullers cells

A

Inner nuclear layer is where the nuclei are and the end process are in the internal limiting membrane

54
Q

Where is the synaptic zone for the bipolar and ganglion cells

A

Inner plexiform layer

55
Q

What layer of the retina does the optic nerve form?

A

Optic Nerve Fiber Layer

56
Q

which photoreceptor is responsible for detecting motion

A

Rods

57
Q

Where do you find the most cones

A

Fovea

58
Q

What is the site of most acute vision

A

Fovea

59
Q

What does the fovea look like

A

depression on the posterior surface of the retina just lateral to the optic disk. retina is thin (other layers pushed aside) so there is more direct access to receptors for light

60
Q

What is the optic disk

A

where the ganglion cells collect to form the optic nerve.

61
Q

What is retinal detachment

A

something causes fluid under the neural retina between the pigmented epithelium

62
Q

What causes diabetic retinopathy? How common is it? Is it easily detectable?

A

hyperglycemia from diabetes that kills pericytes around capillaries; weakens the capillary walls and thus their permeability.
20-40% of diabetics have it.
yes it is easily detectable

63
Q

What causes hypertensive retinopathy

A

adaptice changes to arteriolar circulation in the eye. eventually cna lead to hemorrahages in the retinal nerve fiber alyer caused by high blood pressure.
-readily detected, easy to confuse with other things.

Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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