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Histology Exam 3 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the lymph system

A
  1. Defense 2. Maintenance of body fluids 3. extramedullary hematopoiesis.
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2
Q

What are the encapsulated components of the lymph system

A

Lymph nodes thymus, spleen

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3
Q

Does the lymph system use pumps to move lymph through the body

A

No it is passive, uses valves to control backflow

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4
Q

In what does lymph flow away from the tissues

A

In lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts? Which is bigged

A

Thoracic duct bigger and right lymphatic duct smaller

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6
Q

Where does he lymph in the right lymphatic duct come from

A

Collects lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body

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7
Q

Where does he lymph in the thoracic duct come from? where is it

A

Begins in the abdomen and ascends through the thorax/neck collects lymph from the remainder of the body

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8
Q

Where do lymphatic ducts empty

A

into the great veins of the neck

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9
Q

Compare dot blood vessel do lymphatic vessel have thinner or thicker walls? more valves?

A

thinner walls, more valves

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10
Q

Is the basal lamina of lymphatic vessels there?

A

Yes it is incomplete

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11
Q

Are lymphatic vessels fenestrated

A

no- unfenestrated.

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12
Q

How many layers of cells do lymphatic vessel have? what kind of cells?

A

1 layer of attenuated endothelial cells

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13
Q

What is lymphedema? what is the cause? treatment?

A
  • Elephantitis due to clockage of lymph flow resulting a buildup of lymph fluid.
  • Can be either inherited (primary) or caused by injury/disease of lymph vessels (secondary)
  • ex: after lymph node dissection, surgery. filariasis (tropical parasitic infection from nematode colonizing lymph system and blocking flow) or cellulitis (inflammation/infection of lymphatic system)

-treatment: treat with compression and gradient pumps

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14
Q

What is lymphangitis? causes?

A

Lymph Vessel Inflammation from bacteria in the lymphs system. acute form bacteria or it can be secondary to malignancy.

at risk if had a masectomy, leg vein removed for bypass

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15
Q

What is the relation between cancer metastasis and the lymph system

A

cancerous cells can use the lymph system to spread from one place to another - especially common with pancreatic and breast cancer

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16
Q

Which cells belong to the innate immune system?

A

NK cells, neutrophils and macrophages. the complement system.

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17
Q

WHich cells are in the adaptive immune system

A

B and T cells and APC cells

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18
Q

Does the adaptive system get better or worse at responding to an invaders with subsequent confrontations?

A

better

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19
Q

B cells; where do they generate? what do they make?

A

Generate and differentiate in bone marrow (bursa). Make antibody and participate in humoral immune response. plasma cells and memory B cells.

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20
Q

T cells; where do they generate?

A

generate in the bone marrow and differentiate in the thymus. participate in cell mediated immune response. cytotixic, helper, suppressor and memory t-cells

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21
Q

How do adaptive immune cells communcate with each other?

A

cytokines which are released in response to encounters with foreign substances called antigens

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22
Q

what makes antibodies

A

B cells

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23
Q

IgA

A

secretory antibody

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24
Q

IgD

A

activates B cells

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25
Q

IgE

A

degranualtes mast cells and basophils

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26
Q

IgG

A

most common, opsonin, NK cytotoxicity

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27
Q

IgM

A

1st isotype forme din primary response

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28
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

thymus, pre/postnatal bone marrow, fetal liver

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29
Q

what is the fxn of primary lymph organs

A

development and maturation of lymphocytes into mature immunocompetent cells

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30
Q

what are the secondary lmphyoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, postnatal bone marrow

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31
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues

A

mature distribution of lymphoid cells. respondible for the appropriate environment for immunocompetent cells to interact with each other, antigens and with other cells to mount an immune response against invading pathogens.

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32
Q

What are the unencapsulated lymphatic organs

A

MALT, BALT , GALT tonsil

also known as diffuse

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33
Q

Where is the thymus? fxn?

A

located in the superior mediastinum and extending over the vessels of the heart.
site of t cell maturation - competence of T cells and elimination of self-reactive T cells

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34
Q

How many lobes does the thymus have

A

2

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35
Q

What are lobules in the thymus?What forms them?

A

incomplete division of the lobes formed by septa (trabeculae) extending into the lobes of the dense connective tissue of the thymus capsule

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36
Q

What is the dark staining part of a thymus? the light staining?

A

dark: cortex (bc it has the cells proliferating)
light: medullar

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37
Q

What is the name of the cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus? what are they

A

thymocytes which are immature immuno-incompetent T cells

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38
Q

Where do thymocytes first migrate to in the thymus

A

periphery of the cortex and move progressibvely deeper with maturation

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39
Q

What type of cells do you find in the thymus cortex

A

macrophages/APCs, epithelial reticular cells (provide structure)

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40
Q

What are the two types of selection that thymocytes go through in thymus

A

positive and negative selection

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41
Q

What happens to the thymocytes that do not pass the selection in thymus

A

they undergo anergy or apoptosis

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42
Q

What is positive selection of T cells in the thymus

A

Recognition of MHC 1/2 by CD4/8 molecules presented by APC.

In order to be positively-selected, thymocytes will have to interact with several cell surface molecules, MHC/HLA, to ensure reactivity and specificity.[19]
Positive selection eliminates (apoptosis) weak binding cells and only takes high medium binding cells. (Binding refers to the ability of the T-cell receptors to bind to either MHC class I/II or peptide molecules.)
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43
Q

What is negative selection of T cells in the thymus

A

elimination of T-cells that are autoreactive

44
Q

Where do Thymocytes go that pass both selections? what are they called now

A

medulla, now called immature T cells

45
Q

What is the identifying feature of the thymus medulla

A

Hassall’s corpsucles

46
Q

What makes up Hassall’s corpsucles? where do you find them

A

in thymus mediulla. made of type 4 reticular cells

47
Q

WHat stimulates maturation in the thymus

A

hormones produced by epithelial reticular cells

48
Q

What is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier

A

regulates exchange of substances between the circulatory system and thymus, providing a sequestered environment for immature T cells to develop. The barrier also prevents the immature T cells from contacting foreign antigens (since contact with antigens at this stage will cause the T cells to die by apoptosis).
The barrier is formed by the continuous blood capillaries in the thymic cortex, reinforced by epithelial reticular cells and macrophages.

49
Q

WHere is the blood thymus border

A

cortex

50
Q

what is thymic involution

A

as the thymus ages it begins to involute and decrease its ability to generate educated T cells.
adipocytes replace the parenchyma

51
Q

how long do B cells live

A

10 days to 15 months

52
Q

how long do killer t cells live? helper

A

about one year. helper are more like 26 weeks.

53
Q

Are lymph nodes primary or secondary lymphoid organs? big or small? encapsualted?

A

secondary small encapsulated organs

54
Q

What are the two main functions of lymph nodes

A

Lymph filtration, antigen presentation and recognition

55
Q

What is lymph filtration in the lymph nodes

A

removal of bacteria and foreign substances from the lymph by macrophages in the sinuses

56
Q

What happens if a antigen is recognized in a lymph node

A

B cell is activated and migrates to primary lymphoid nodule and proliferates forming a germinal center and makes a secondary lymphoid nodule

57
Q

What is the lymph node capsule made of?

A

dense collagneous tissue

58
Q

Does the lymph node have trabeculae

A

Yes

59
Q

What type of tissue forms the framework of the lymph node

A

reticular connective tissue

60
Q

Is lymph entry into the node on the convex or concave sidee

A

convex side

61
Q

For lymph filtration in the nodes where does lymph from vessels go ?
hint: three sinsus

A

subcapsular sinsus to the corticol sinus to the medullary sinus

62
Q

What part of the cortex do B and T cells enter the lymph node? via what?

A

The paracortex via the high endothelial venules

63
Q

After entry to the paracortex of the lymph node where do B cells go

A

cortex- primary lymphoid nodules

64
Q

After entry to the paracortex of the lymph node where do B cells go

A

stay in paracortex

65
Q

What is a lymphoid nodule? What are the two areas that make it up

A

a spherical aggregate of B cells. the center is called the germinal center and the outside circle the mantle zone

66
Q

What is the mantle zone

A

a dense accumulation of B lymphocytes migrating out from germinal center

67
Q

what is the germinal center?

A

where B cells proliferate migrate express soluble Igs (sIgs), switch IG class etc

68
Q

What happens to B cells in the germinal center that do not make the proper sIgs

A

apoptosis and undergo phagocytosis by macrophages

69
Q

Where do the majority of B cells go after the secondary lymphoid nodules

A

to medulla and form medullary cords that go to medullary sinuses.

70
Q

Where do the majority of the plasma B cells leaving the efferent lymphatic vessels of the nodes go

A

bone marrow to produce antibodies

71
Q

Where do the majority of the memory B cells leaving the efferent lymphatic vessels of the nodes go

A

take up residence in other secondary lymphatic organs

72
Q

What are the two zones of the germinal center? what is the funciton of the two zones

A

The dark and light zone.
dark zone is where there is clonal expansion (naive B cells go here first) and the light zone is where there is selection apoptosis differentiation etc.

73
Q

Where do T cells leave the nodes?

A

Medullary sinuses (just like B cells)

74
Q

What is the thymus dependent region of the lymph node?

A

Paracortex bc that is where all the T cells are

75
Q

Why do we get swollen lymph nodes when sick

A

If Th cells are activated they proliferate and expand the paracortex

76
Q

What are functions of the spleen?

A

blood filrtation, lymphoid cell formation (T and B cell proliferation), elimination or inactivation of blood-borne antigen, destroys old platelets/RBCs, fetal hematopoeiss (and adult if needed)

77
Q

Where is the Hilum in the spleen and lymph nodes? fxn?

A

concave surgace it is the entry point of arteries and nerve fibers.

78
Q

What are the two “pulps” of the spleen? where does the blood first enter

A

white and red. blood enters through splenic artery in white pulp

79
Q

Where does the blood go from the splenic arteries in the spleen

A

To trabecular arteries to the central arteries. this is all WHITE PULP from central they go pencillar arteries which is RED PULP

80
Q

What are PALS in the spleen? Where do yoy find it

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath. found around the central artery in the whilte pulpbut not around the pencillar arteries in the red pulp

81
Q

What does red pulp look like in a fresh but spleen section? H&E?

A

in fresh cut red, pink in H&E

82
Q

What happens in the red pulp

A

filters the blood, removing organisms and aged RBCs and platelets.

83
Q

What does the white pulp look like? fx?

A

gray in fresh cut section and purple in h&e.
it has the lymphoid nodules and PALS
part of the infection fighting immune system. it makes lymphocytes and antibodies

84
Q

Where do you find the splenic sinuses? what do the look like

A

Red pulp, sinusoids/spaces that have a discontinuous basal lamina
closed circulation

85
Q

WHERE do you find the splenic cords of bilroth? what are they

A

red pulp
sponge material composed of a loose network of reticular fibers.
open circulation

86
Q

Where does the pencillar arteries lead?

A

3 places: pulp arterioles, terminal arterial capillaries and macrophage sheathed areterioles

we focus on terminal

87
Q

Where do the terminal arterial capillaries go

A

Splenic sinuses or splenic cords of bilroth

88
Q

How do closed circulation splenic sinuses exit the spleen

A

become trabecular veins to the spleinc vein and exit at the hilum

89
Q

where do B and T cells enter the spleen? where do the exit?

A

enter and exit at the marginal zone around the white pulp through marginal sinuses

90
Q

What is the marginal zone of the spleen

A

surrounds the white pulp and separates it form the red pulp. it where t and b lymphocytes enter and exit the spleen

91
Q

Where do T and B cells go in the spleen once in the white pulp? Do they stay in there?

A

PALS. T cells stay in PALS B cells migrate to lymphoid nodules that enclosed within the pals

92
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue. nonencaprulated localized lymphocyte infiltration and lymphoid nodules in the muscosa of the GI, resp and urinary tracts.

93
Q

What is the function of MALT/

A

reponse to airborne/ingested antigens

94
Q

Where can you find GALT

A

most prominent in the ileum called Peyer’s Patches.

they are in the GI tract

95
Q

What makes up GALT

A

B surrounded by a looser region of T cells and APCs

96
Q

Is there afferent and efferent drainage in GALT

A

No just efferent.

97
Q

Where are M cells? what do they do

A

GALT and BALT aka microfold cells. in the epithelial lining next to the lymphoid follicles thought to capture antigens and transfer them to macrophages in the Peyer’s pathces/BALT

98
Q

What is BALT

A

Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue

it is like peyers patches but in the walls of the bronchi

99
Q

What are most cells in BALT

A

B cells.

100
Q

Are tonsils encapsulated?

A

nope they are incompletley encapsulated aggregates of lymphoid nodules that guard entrance to the oral pharynx

101
Q

How do tonsils react

A

by lymphocyte proliferation and mounting an immune response

102
Q

What are the three types of tonsils

A

palatine, pharyngeal, lingual

103
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil

A

at the boundary of the oral cavity and oral pharynx

104
Q

What covers the superficial aspect on the palatine tonsil

A

an epithelial layer that dips into 10-12 crypts into the tonsilar parenchyma

105
Q

what is in the parenchyma of the palatine tonsil

A

lymphoid nodules which display genrminal centers (for B cell activation)

Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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