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110 study stuff > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed

A

ligaments pull on the lens making it flat

-better for seeing far

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2
Q

Ciliary muscle contracts

A

releases tension from ligaments, lens becomes rounded

-good for close vision

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3
Q

Cataracts

A

improper folding of chrystallin proteins

-reduces ability to transmit light to back of eye

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4
Q

What wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation do humans perceive

A

400-700nm

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5
Q

Concave lens

A

Bent away from centre point

-light rays are scattered

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6
Q

convex lens

A

bends light toward the focal point

-light rays converge

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7
Q

how is the image displayed on the retina

A

the image is inverted

  • Convex lens in eye
  • converges light onto fovea
  • image is flipped across horizontal and vertical plane
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8
Q

what is the pathway of light entering the eye

A

cornea - aqueous humour - lens - vitreous humour - neural layer of retina - photoreceptors

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9
Q

in its path through the eye, where is light refracted

A

1) Cornea
2) entering the lens
3) exiting the lens

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10
Q

Optic disk

A

blind spot

  • no photoreceptors
  • optic nerve and BVs exit eye
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11
Q

Fovea

A

region of sharpest image

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12
Q

what is the region of the retina that produces the sharpest image

A

Fovea

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13
Q

where is the centre of the visual field

A

Macula

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14
Q

macula

A

centre of the visual field

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15
Q

converts light rays into electrical signals

A

Photoreceptors

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16
Q

do arteries and veins overlap in the macula

A

No

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17
Q

from what structure do the central vein and arteries enter/exit the eye

A

optic disk

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18
Q

Fovea

  • location
  • role
  • what photoreceptors in high conc
A
  • center of the macula
  • responsible for central and sharpest vision
  • hgih concentration of cones (colour vision)
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19
Q

Focusing on distant objects

A

(light needs adjustment to focus)

  • relax ciliary muscles, lens flattens
  • sympathetic process

far point of vision
-distance beyond which the lens does not need to change shape to focus (6meters)

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20
Q

What division of nervous system is responsible for the relaxation of the ciliary muscles to enable distant vision

A

sympathetic

-ciliary muscles relax, ligaments pull, lens flattens

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21
Q

Close vision

  • distance
  • accommodation
  • pupil response
  • eyeball rotation
  • NS division for ciliary muscle behaviour
A
  • less than 6 meters
  • constriction of the ciliary muscles relaxes the ligaments rounding the lens
  • pupillary reflex constricts the pupils, prevent divergent light rays enter the eye (would red qual img)
  • convergence of the eyes, rotate medially
  • parasympathetic
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22
Q

what NS division for focusing on close objects

A

parasympathetic

-ciliary muscles contract

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23
Q

what NS division for far objects

A

Sympathetic, ciliary muscles relax

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24
Q

what is an emmetropic eye

A

a normal shaped eye with no refraction problems

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25
Q

Myopic eye

A
  • nearsighted
  • eye too long
  • need concave lens
  • focal point needs be moved posteriorly
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26
Q

what type of lens to correct for myopic eye vision

A

concave

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27
Q

what is wrong with the length of a myopic eye

A

too long

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28
Q

myopic eyes are BLANK sighted

A

near

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29
Q

Hyperopic eye

A
  • too short
  • needs convex lens
  • farsighted
  • Focal point needs be moved twd anterior portion of eye
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30
Q

hyperopic eye is BLANK sighted

A

farsighted

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31
Q

what is wrong with the length of a hyperopic eye

A

too short

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32
Q

what type of lens corrects a hyperopic eye

A

convex

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33
Q

Photoreception

A

process by which eye detects light energy

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34
Q

Rods and cones contain:

A

-visual pigments called photopigments

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35
Q

what are photopigments

A

visual pigments found in rods and cones

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36
Q

Pigmented epithelial layer

A
  • membrane projections help surround/support rods and cones

- takes up cellular debris from rods and cones (keep clean for photoreception)

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37
Q

Melanin granules

A
  • dark staining

- prevent light scattering

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38
Q

Study slide 52/53 BS

A

asdf

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39
Q

Rods and cones

Where are visual pigments stored

A

stored in membrane discs in the outer segment

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40
Q

visual pigments are stored in the membrane discs of what segment of the Rods and Cones

A

outer segment

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41
Q

what is in the outer segment of rods and cones

A

membrane discs containing visual pigments

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42
Q

membrane discs of outer segment of rods and cones

A

contain visual pigemnts

-opsin and retinol

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43
Q

Connecting stalk of rods and cones

A

connects outer and inner segments

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44
Q

where does most of the cellular function take place in rods and cones

A

the connecting stalk

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45
Q

RODS

  • image
  • abs what wavelengths of visual light
  • sens to what what light lvl
A
  • fuzzy grey indistinct images
  • absorb all wavelengths of visible light
  • sensitive to dim light best suited for night vision
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46
Q

photoreceptor best suited for night vision

A

rods

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47
Q

produces grey indistinct fuzzy image

A

rods

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48
Q

Retinal

  • combines with what to form visual pigments
  • synthesized from what vitamin
  • what are the two isomers
A

light absorbing molecule

  • combines with opsin to form visual pigments
  • synthesized from vitamin A
  • 11-cis and all trans
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49
Q

what are the two isomers of retinal

A

11-cis and all-trans

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50
Q

what vitamin is retinal synthesized from

A

vitamin A

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51
Q

the combination of what two molecules makes a visual pigment

A

retinal and opsin molecules

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52
Q

what initiates electrical impulses in optic nerve

A

isomerization of retinal

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53
Q

11-cis retinal sturcture

A

kinked/bent

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54
Q

all-trans retinal structure

A

straight and more elongated

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55
Q

How do we detect light (wrt isomerization)

A

light converts 11-cis retinal into all-trans retinal

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56
Q

outer pigmented layer, functions

A
  • absorb light to prevent scattering in eye
  • act as phagocytes to remove dead/dmg’d photoreceptor cells
  • converts all-trans retinal to 11-cis
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57
Q

SLIDE 56 STUDY conversions of retinal btwn outer and inner layer

A

asdf

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58
Q

what form of retinal is converted into all-trans retinol

A

11-cist retinilidine

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59
Q

excitation of rods

A

Rod outer segment
11-cis retinilidine reacts with light forming all-trans retinol (moves to Retinal pigment epithelium and converts)

Retinal pigment epithelium
-all-trans retinal (AL form OL) to 11-cis retinol to 11-cis retinal (moves to outer segment becoming initial 11-cis retinilidine)

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60
Q

Cones

  • where highest concentration of cones
  • pigments give what vision
  • synapse with how many ganglion
  • vision quality
  • light level for activation
A
  • highest concentration of cones in fovea
  • pigments give vividly coloured view
  • synapse with ONE ganglion cell (gives vivid and high res img)
  • vision is detailed and high resolution
  • need bright light for activation
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61
Q

photoreceptor that needs bright light for activation

A

cones

62
Q

photoreceptor that gives high resolution and vivid image

A

cones

63
Q

photoreceptor that synapses with one ganglion cell

A

cone

64
Q

photoreceptor with high concentration in fovea and macula

A

cones

65
Q

what opsin molecules give primary colour info in cones

A

red green blue opsin mols

66
Q

Visual pigments in cones are made of what 2 mols

A

opsin and retinal make the visual pigments

67
Q

three types of opsin molecules in cones

A

red
green
blue

68
Q

how are intermediate colour perceived in cones

A

activation of more than one type of cone (RGB)

69
Q

order of wavelength activation for cones

A

blue (462nm) < Green (529nm) < Red (611nm)

70
Q

STUDY SLIDE 59,60,61 Phototransduction GPR

VERY IMPORTANT SO DO IT DUMBASS

A

asdf

71
Q

does light turn signalling from rods and cones ON or OFF

A

off

72
Q

neurotransmitter release from rods and cones wrt light lvl

A

neurotransmitter release form rods and cones decreases in proportion to amount of light
-light turns off signalling

73
Q

Signal transduction: cone in the dark (7 steps)

A

1) Na/Ca channels remain open (in outer segment), cell is depolarized
2) Ca channels at axon bulb are open
3) NT released to bipolar cell postsynaptic membrane
4) IPSPs in bipolar cell
5) no NT released from bipolar cell
6) No EPSP in ganglion cell
7) no AP gen

74
Q

Signal transduction: cone in the light (7 steps)

A

1) photoreceptor is hyperpolarized ( Na/Ca channels are closed in outer segment)
2) Ca channels on axon bulb are closed
3) no inhibitory NT released by cone
4) no IPSPs in the bipolar cell (bipolar cell depolarizes)
5) NT released from bipolar cell
6) EPSPs in the Ganglion cell
7) AP gen

75
Q

Adaptation: dark to light

  • retinal sensitivity
  • photoreceptor system
A
  • dramatic decrease in retinal sensitivity, rod function is lost
  • switch from rod to cone system, gain visual acuity
76
Q

dark to light, what happens to visual acuity

A

gain visual acuity as switch from rod to cone system

77
Q

dark to light, what happens to retinal sensitivity

A

dramatic decrease, lose function of rods

78
Q

Why does it take ~20 minutes for your eyes to adjust to the dark

A

takes ~20 minutes to convert the all-trans back to 11-cis

in light the 11-cis is all converted to all-trans

79
Q

Adaptation: light to dark

  • photoreceptor function
  • what molecule accumulates
A
  • cones lose function in low light

- rhodopsin accumulates in the dark and retinal sensitivity is restored (all-trans reconverted to 11-cis)

80
Q

Receptive fields are accounted for by what cells

A

ganglion cells

81
Q

ganglion cells have receptive fields (T/F)

A

T

82
Q

Receptive fields

  • what cells
  • imp for what
  • sensitive to what
  • define convergence in this scenario
A

-ganglion cells
-important for sensitivity of shapes of objects
-sensitive to movements in environment
-CONVERGENCE (multiple rods - sev bipolar cells - one ganglion cell_
+converge to one ganglion

83
Q

On-centre off-surround field

A

stimulated by light hitting the centre of the field

inhibited by light hitting periphery of field

84
Q

off-centre on-surround

A

inhibited by light hitting centre of field

stimulated by light hitting periphery of field

85
Q

Visual pathway

A

eye - optic nerve -optic chiasm - optic tract - lateral geniculate nucleus (body) of the thalamus - visual cortex (in occ lobes)

86
Q

Where does the information from the right side of the visual field go

  • RS of R eye
  • RS of L eye
A

left side of the LGN

87
Q

Left side of visual field goes:

A

right side of LGN

88
Q

Why do the R/L visual field info go to the opposite (R/L) side of the LGN?

A

Depth perception, lets us see 3D

89
Q

LGN sends info where (3 places)

A

1) visual cortex of the occipital lobe
2) midbrain (superior colliculus with CN III outputs for eye mvmnt cntrl)
3) SCN (info processing for CR)

90
Q

why does LGN send info to the midbrain

A

imp for eye mvmnt cntrl (cranial nerve III)

91
Q

what region of the midbrain has CNIII outputs

A

superior colliculus

92
Q

What cranial nerve controls pupillary constriction

A

CN III

93
Q

Thalamic processing of visual info happens where

A

LGN

94
Q

LGN roles (4)

A

1) relays info on mvmnt
2) separates retinal axons in preparation for depth perception
3) emphasizes visual inputs from regions of high cone density (fovea/macula)
4) sharpens the contrast info received by the retina

95
Q

Depth perception

  • how
  • type of vision provided and how
  • what if one eye used?
A
  • both eyes view same image form slightly different angles
  • provides 3D vision via cortical fusion of slightly different images
  • only one eye used, DP lost and observer must rely on learned cues to det depth
96
Q

what happens to depth perception when lose Fx of one eye

A

rely on learned cues to determine depth

97
Q

What are the Chemical senses

A

Gustation (taste)

Olfaction (smell)

98
Q

How do the chemical senses function

A

(Olfaction and gustation)

  • chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in aqueous solution
  • taste - CR respond to substances dissolved in saliva
  • Smell - substances dissolved in the fluid of the nasal membranes
99
Q

Chemoreceptors involved in olfaction detect

A

substances dissolved in the fluids of the nasal membrane

100
Q

chemoreceptors in taste detect

A

substances dissolved in saliva

101
Q

covers superior nasal concha

A

olfactory epithelium

102
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

covers superior nasal concha

103
Q

Olfactory cells are bipolar cellss (T/F)

A

T

104
Q

what polarity are olfactory cells

A

bipolar

105
Q

Olfactory foramina fx

A

allows projection of olfacotry receptors into olfacotry bulb

106
Q

What structure contains the chemoreceptors responsible for smell

A

olfactory cilia

107
Q

STUDY SLIDE 72

A

asdf

108
Q

Glomeruli (olfaction)

A

neuronal connections with olfactory receptor cells in neuronal epithelium and with the mitral cells

109
Q

Mitral cells

A

connected to the glomeruli, axons of mitral cells give rise to the olfactory tract found within the olfactory bulb

110
Q

what cell creates the olfactory tract found within the olfactory bulb

A

mitral cells

111
Q

Olfacotry cells

A

sensory neurons

-olfactory cilia (dendrites) bind oderants (contain oderant receptors)

112
Q

where must oderants be located to be recieved by the olfacotry cilia of the olfactory cells

A

dissolved within the mucus layer

113
Q

Olfactory transduction uses what secondary messenger

A

cAMP

114
Q

phototransduction uses what secondary mesenger

A

cGMP

115
Q

papillae of the tongue bearing tastebuds

A

fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

116
Q

how many tastebuds

-where are most found

A

10000

most on tongue

117
Q

What 3 cells make up the taste bud

A
  • supporting cell
  • basal cell
  • gustatory cell
118
Q

Supporting cell (tastebud)

A

insulate the receptor

-insulate and protect the gustatory cell

119
Q

Basal cell (tastebud)

A

dynamic stem cell

-give rise to other gustatory cells

120
Q

gustatory cells

A

taste cells

-sensitive to taste and has taste buds on it

121
Q

Mechanism of stimulation of gustatory cells

A

main mechanism of stimulation is a rise in Ca

-rise in Ca causes NT release

122
Q

Gustatory Pathway

what carries neural impulses form the taste buds to the solitary nucleus

A

CN VII

CN IX

123
Q

Where is the solitary nucleus

A

medulla

124
Q

Cranial nerves VII and IX

A

carry neural impulses form the tastebuds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla

125
Q

APs at the solidary nucleus continue to where

A

the thalamus
-directs to the :
+gustatory cortex (taste)
+the Hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste)

126
Q

what brain structures are responsible for the appreciateion of taste

A

hypotalamus and limbic system

127
Q

what region of the brain processes taste

A

gustatory cortex

128
Q

the 3 parts of the ear

A

outer, middle, inner

129
Q

Outer ear parts

A

auricle (pinna)
Ear canal
Tympanic membrane

130
Q

Auricle or pinna (outer ear) parts

A

Helix (rim)

Lobule (ear lobe)

131
Q

What glands fill the ear canal and what do they produce

A

ceruminous glands, produce wax

132
Q

Ear wax

A

produced by ceruminous glands in ear canal

-protect, anti bacterial, anti infection, prevent bug infestation

133
Q

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

A

CT memb that vibrates in response to sound

-transfers sound E to ossicles in middle ear

134
Q

where are the ossicles located

A

middle ear

135
Q

epitympanic recess

A

superior portion of middle ear

-prone to infection

136
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

connects middle ear to nasopharynx

-equalizes P in ME with the external air P

137
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Incus (anvil)
Malleus (hammer)
Stapes (stirrup)

138
Q

Where is the entranse to the mastoid antrum

A

epitympanic recess

139
Q

Ear ossicles

  • the 3 bones
  • f(x) and target
  • what dampens
A

Incus, Malleus, Stapes

  • transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to the oval window
  • dampened by the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles
140
Q

Dampen the ossciles

A

tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

141
Q

Stapedius muscle

A

helps stabilize the stapes

-reduces hyperactivity of stapes bone

142
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

helps with the stabilization and localization of sound waves

-interacts with the malleus

143
Q

Stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

A

reduce dmg done by ext loud noises

modify sound to some degree

144
Q

Inner ear (2 labyrinths)

A

Bony Labyrinth

membranous labyrinth

145
Q

bony labyrinth

A

tortuous channels worming way through temporal bone

-filled with perilymph

146
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

membranous sacs w/ potassium rich endolymph fluid

-vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals

147
Q

superior olivary nuclei

A

lateralization of sound

148
Q

superior colliculus is auditory reflex center

A
149
Q

loudenss perception

A

number of cochlear cells stimd

varying thresholds of cochlear cells

150
Q

pitch is percieved by

A

cochlear nuclei

primary auditory cortex

151
Q

vestibular receptors

A

static equilibrium or linear acceleration

152
Q

semicircular canals receptors

A

110 study stuff (8 decks)

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