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110 study stuff > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

chem released by cell in one part of body that affects cells in other parts of organism

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2
Q

endocrine hormone

A

hormones secreted directly into BS

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3
Q

neuroendocrine hormone

A

hormones produced by neurons secreted into BS

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4
Q

exocrine hormone

A

hormones secreted directly into a duct rather than BS

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5
Q

Autocrine and paracrine

A

autocrine
-chems that excert effects on same cells

paracrine
-locally acting chems affect nearby cells

NOT HORMONES - hormones are long dist chem sigs

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6
Q

2 mechs hormones affect cell activity

A

1) second messengers
- regulatory G-proteins tend to be AA based hormones
2) Direct gene activation
- tend be steroid hormones

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7
Q

Hormones action

A

one or more of:

  • alter PM perm
  • stim protein synth
  • activate/deac enz systems
  • induce secretory activity
  • stimulate mitosis
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8
Q

target cell specificity

A

target cells must have specific receptors to which hormone binds

ACTH receptors only on certain cells of adrenal cortex
thyroxin receptors on nearly all cells in body

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9
Q

Target cell activation (3 factors)

-upreg v downreg

A

1) blood levels of hormone
2) relative number of receptors on target cell
3) affinity of receptors for hormone

upregulation - target cells make more receptors in response to hormone

downregulation - target cells lose receptors in response to hormone

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10
Q

forms of hormones circulating in blood

A

free or bound

  • steroids and thyroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins
  • most of rest are unencumbered (hydrophillic)
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11
Q

Concentrations of hormone in blood reflect (3)

A

rate of release
speed of inactivation
removal from body

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12
Q

how are hormones removed

A

degrading enzymes
kidney and liver enzymes

length last thyroid>polypeptides>proteins>steroids

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13
Q

3 types of hormone interaction

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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14
Q

permissiveness

A

hormone cant exert its effect without another hormone being present

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15
Q

synergism

A

more than one type of hormone produces same effect on target cell

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16
Q

antagonism

A

one or more hormones oppose the action of another

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17
Q

blood levels of hormones

-control and vary

A

controlled by negative feedback system

vary only within narrow desirable range

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18
Q

hormones

synthesized and released in response to

A

humoral stimuli
neural stimuli
hormonal stimuli

19
Q

humoral stimuli

A

secretion of hormones in response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients (parathyroid glands)

20
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve stimuli trigger hormone release (adrenal medulla)

21
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

release hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine organs
-tropic hormones = hormones that alter secretion of other hormones

22
Q

Nervous system modulation

A

NS modifies stimulation of endocrine glands and their neg feedback systems
-can override normal endocrine controls

ex. blood glucose maintained by endocrine
-hypothalamus and SNS activation ramp up blood glucose levels
+override control by insulin and glucagon

23
Q

three types of hormones

A

1) Eicosanoids - leukotrienes and prostaglandins (not ture hormones)
2) AA based - Amines, thyroxine, peptides and protein hormones
3) steroids - gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

24
Q

Eicosanoids

A

short lived biologically active lipids with autocrine and paracrine activity

derived from arachadonic acid

aa produced by alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3 FA) acid and linoleic acid (omega 6 FA)

25
Q

eicosanoids (3)

A

prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

26
Q

prostaglandins

A

inflammation, fever production, prevent platelet aggregation (prevent clotting); induce labor

27
Q

thromboxanes

A

produced by platelets to promote their aggregation (blood clotting)

28
Q

leukotrienes

A

allergic reactions

29
Q

aa in cell membrane phospholipids converted to free aa by

A

phospholipase Asub2

30
Q

Prostanoid pathway uses what enxymes (prostaglandins and thromboxanes)
-what drugs inhibit

A

COX1 and COX2

-inhibited by NSAIDS (asprin and ibuprophen

31
Q

PGE2

A

Prostaglandins

induce labour, pain, pyretic, vasodilator

32
Q

PGI2

A

prostacyclins

inhibit platelet aggregation, vasodilation

33
Q

TXA2

A

thromboxanes

  • promote platelet aggregation
  • vasoconstrictor
34
Q

Leukotrine pathway uses what enzs

A

15-LOX
12-LOX
5-LOX

35
Q

Leucotrine pathway LTCs

what drug and how effect

A

LTC4 - LTD4 - LTE4
montelukast
-leukotrine receptor antagonist (blocks receptors for c4 d4 e4; asthma inflamation)

36
Q

what second messenger AA based hormone action(g-protein pathway)

A

cAMP

37
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: cAMP Second Messenger

  • how turn off
  • how elicit response
A

turn off
- PDE phosphodiesterase E converts cAMP into 5’ AMP

elicit response
-cAMP activates PKA,

38
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: cAMP Second Messenger

-inhibit vs activate adenylate cyclase

A

Gi inactivates AC

Gs activates AC

39
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: cAMP Second Messenger

-signal amplification

A

AC converts lot ATP into cAMP
ea cAMP activates a PKA
ea PKA phosphorylates num proteins
MUCH LARGER CELLULAR RESPONSE TO ONE HORMONE

40
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: PIP2 Mechanism

A

study slide 30

41
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: PIP2 Mechanism and cAMP mech
-what type response in cells

A

produce synergistic response

-both pathways act together to enhance Ca2+ conc and insulin release

42
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: cAMP Second Messenger

A 
Catecholamines 
ACTH
FSH
LH
Glucagon 
PTH
TSH 
Calcitonin
43
Q

Amino Acid-Based Hormone Action: PIP2 Mechanism

A 
Catecholamines 
TRH
ADH
GnRH
Oxytocin

110 study stuff (8 decks)

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