Special Q9-12 Flashcards
Name the 3 morphological groups of nasal area in dogs:
Dolichocephalic: nasal area is longer than cranium - greyhound
Mesaticephalic: nasal area is in equal length as cranium - labrador
Brachyocephalic: nasal area is shorter than cranium - boxer
Name projections of the nasal cavity for radiogram:
1) Laterolateral - lateral recumbency: dorsal nasal cavity, frontal sinuses, nasal + frontal bones
2) Lateral oblique view - jaws open, evaluate bullae, premolars and frontal sinuses
3) Lateral oblique view for temporomandibular joint - acc. head shape
4) Dorsoventral - standard, sternal recumbency
5) Ventrodorsal view - dorsal recumbency
6) Ventrodorsal oblique - bulla tympanica, foramen magnum
7) Rostrocaudal view - dorsal recumbency
8) Frontal view
9) Fronto-occipital view
10) Basilar view
11) Open mouth VD oblique view
12) Open mouth rostrocaudal view
13) Closed mouth, DV view with intraoral film placement
14) Closed mouth, VD view with intraoral film placement
Name pathologies of the nasal cavity:
Neoplasia - nasal tumour, destruction of turbinate bones, septum, walls of nasal chambers
Rhinitis - inflammation of nasal mucous membrane inside nose
Sinusitis - inflammation of the sinuses
Name pathologies of ear:
Otitis externa - unilateral narrowing of the ear canal, mineralization
Otitis media - air inside bulla tympanica is replaced with soft tissue opacity
Neoplasia - carcinoma at bullae tympanica or external ear canal
Otolithis - mineral opacities within the bulla tympanica
X-ray of the spine - position:
- Perfectly aligned without axial rotation
- may support mid-cervical and mid-lumbar vertebral segments
- limit axial rotation
- Beam: parallel to C3-4, T6-7, T-L junction, L3-14, L-S junction
- Lateroventral view
- Ventrodorsal
– Dynamic or oblique view
Anatomy of the spine:
Spinal column divided into 5 segments:
- Vertebrae cervicales, thoracicae, lumbales, sacrales and caudales
- 7CV, 13TV, 7LV, 3S, 6-23Ca in car.
Body, arch, processus transversae and spinal, vertebral discs
Evaluation of the vertebras and spinal cord:
Carefully evaluate paraspinal structures
Count vertebrae in each anatomical region
Note general size
Dorsal and ventral alignment of the vertebral bodies
Disc-spaces: should be uniform width and opacity
Compare size and opacity of adjacent invertebral foramina
Note overall vertebral canal diameter of each body and adjacent IV disc space
Adjacent vertebrae should be approximately equal in size, shape and radiopacity
What is discospondylosis?
A bacterial infection of the intra-vertebral disc space.
Looks like a bridge between the two vertebrae.
Progressive bone proliferation occurs between ventral and lateral to IV spaces.
Characterize stress radiograms:
Intentionally putting stress on structures being radiographed.
- Flexed lateral view of upper cervical region to assess atlantoaxial subluxation
Also to view cervical stenotic spondylomyelopathy (Wobblers syndrome).
Luxation of the spine:
Displacement of a bone from a joint.
With or without fracture to the spine.
Can be accompanied by narrowing of the adjacent invertebral space.
Fracture of the spine:
Trauma
Primary site is the vertebral body
- abnormal spinal alignment and narrowing of adjacent IV disc space
Compression fractures - vertebrae appear smaller than normal and more radiopaque
The function of the invertebral discs are:
Shock-absorber
Anatomy of the invertebral discs:
Outer: fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus
Inner: gelatinuous nucleus pulposus
Pathologies of invertebral discs:
Protrusion - discs bulge into the vertebral canal
Bulging - nucleus pulposus stretches the annulus fibrosus
Extrusion - nucleus has broken through the annulus into epidural space
Degenerations of IV discs:
Hansen 1 and Hansen 2
- small dog breeds
- dehydration of nucleus pulposus cause disc degeneration, compress the spinal cord –> smaller epidural space –> disc protrusion
