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Radiology - theoretical part > Special Q19-23 > Flashcards

Special Q19-23 Flashcards

1
Q

Radiology of abdominal cavity:

A

Challenging due to superimposition
Can pump air into peritoneum (pneumoperitoneum)
2 standard views - LL and VD
Horizontal beam helpful if presence of gas or fluid
Include:
Cranial borders of entire diaphragmatic margin
Greater trochanter of femur
LL: dorsal and ventral soft tissue margins of abdomen
VD: both lateral soft tissue margins of abdomen

Parallel to cassette
During expiration

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2
Q

Localisation of the stomach:

A

Caudally to diaphragma and to the liver
Usually contained within margins of ribcage
Fundus - dorsal blind sac
Corpus - ventrally from fundus
Pylorus - ventrally
Size and opacity depends on the content
Stomach displacement: extra-gastric abnormalities - diseases of liver, spleen, pancreas and diaphragm

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3
Q

Pathologies of the stomach:

A

Dilation and torsion (volvolus)
Inflammation: thickened gastric wall, nodules and large mucosal folds (contrast study)
Foreign bodies (x-ray 1-3 days apart)
Chronic pyloric obstruction: narrowing or blocking
Gastric ulcers: craters and outpouchings, positive contrast
Gastric abscesses
Gastric neoplasia; polyps, adenocarcinoma (dogs), lymphosarcoma (cats)

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4
Q

Abdominal masses:

A

Physiological: extension of stomach after eating, pregnant uterus
Pathological: inflammation, cyst formation, hematoma, torsion, neoplasia, obstruction

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5
Q

Effusion of the abdominal cavity:

A

Intraperitoneal fluid, ascites, effusion –> fluid of exudative or transudative origin (blood, urine)

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6
Q

Common causes of effusions of abdominal cavity:

A

Heart failure, liver abnormalities, trauma to abdomen, renal disease, hypo-proteinemia, peritonitis, abdominal neoplasia

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7
Q

Radiographic signs of effusions of the abdominal cavity:

A

Abdomen is more radiopaque
Distension
Increased distance between loops of intestine
Increased opacity in ventral part of abdomen, gas in intestine

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8
Q

X-ray of liver:

A

Homogenous soft tissue organ, with sharp edges. Slight natural contrast between surrounding fat.

Localization:
Cranial, caudal to diaphragma, cranial to stomach.
LL: immediately caudal and lining the diaphragma, dorsocaudal pole next to cranial pole of right kidney
VD: caudal border of right lateral liver lobe is indicated by cranial duodenal flexure

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9
Q

Pathologies of the liver:

A

Size:
- Hepatomegaly - enlargement
- Microhepatia - decreased
Opacity:
- Mineralized: hematoma, abscess, parasitic cyst etc.
- Gas opacity
Neoplasia
Metabolic hepatopathy - general hepatomegaly
Cirrhosis - microhepatia, rotate gastric axis

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10
Q

X-ray of spleen:

A

Elongated, flat, solid, variable size organ, sharp and smooth edges. Only small portion is visible.

Localization:
LL: left side, near ventral abdominal wall, caudal to liver
VD: left side, elongated, slightly caudal and lateral to the gastric fundus

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11
Q

Pathologies of the spleen:

A

Size, shape, position
- Diffuse splenic enlargement
- Generalized splenomegaly: splenic torsion or gastric volvolus
- Localized splenomegaly: splenic head –> displacement of colon and SI. Neoplasia, nodular hyperplasia and haematoma
- Microsplenia: unusual, acute bleeding
- Neoplasia: focal enlargement and displacement of the spleen
- Splenic mass: haemangioma

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12
Q

X-ray of small intestine:

A

From pylorus to ileocecal junction
Duodenum, jejenum, ileum
LL and VD
Fasting overnight, cleansing enema

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13
Q

Localisation of the small intestine:

A

Mid-ventral abdomen caudal to the stomach
Cranial duodenal flexure lies cranial and slightly dorsal to pylorus
Descending duodenum extends caudodorsally from pylorus
Jejenum and proximal ileum are radiological indistinguishable from each other

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14
Q

Pathology of small intestine:

A

Ileus: abnormal increase in the diameter of the small intestine and can be mechanical or functional causes
- foreign body, mass, hypokalaemia, peritonitis or inflammation
Foreign body obstruction
Inflammation/enteritis
Stricture/narrowing
Neoplasia: adenocarcinoma and lymphosarcoma most common

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15
Q

Large intestine localization:

A

Laterolateral: colon is parallel to spine in caudodorsal part of abdominal cavity

Ventrodorsal:
- ascending colon is on the right side
- transverse colon lies caudally to the liver
- caecum is to the midline at L3-4

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16
Q

Pathology:

A

Constipation/obstipation
Megacolon: ends with obstruction
Colitis: positive or double contrast - diffuse wall thickening or mucosal irregularity, bacterial or viral
Perforation: hole, confirmed with iodine contrast
Intussusception: prolapse of one part

17
Q

Contrast study of the large intestine:

A

Dose: 12ml/kg bw BaSO4 or non-ionic aqueous iodine contrast medium.
(iodine if GIT perforation)
0 min - esophagus
30 min - stomach
60 min - stomach + small intestine
120 min - small + large intestine
4-6 hours - colon

18
Q

Describe kidneys:

A

Bean-shaped
Soft tissue opacity
In retroperitoneal space
Mid-dorsal abdomen
Left: T13-L3
Right: T12-L1
LL: caudal end of right kidney is superimposed by the cranial end of left kidney
VD: less visible due to superimposition of other organs

19
Q

Pathologies of kidneys:

A

Hydro-nephritis: distension of renal pelvis and calices with urine
Rupture of kidneys: contrast media
Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the kidneys, –> irregular outlines and decreased size
Enlargement of kidneys: left displace colon, right displace duodenum
Calcification of the parenchyma: increased opacity
Renal calculi/stones: mineral opacity in medulla or pelvis, contrast media –> radiolucent stones
Renal abscesses
Renal cyst
Neoplasia

20
Q

Anatomy and pathology of ureters:

A

Paired tubular structures carrying urine from renal pelvis to dorsal surface of bladder, parallel to the spine. Not visible without IV urography

Pathology:
Ectopic ureters: abnormal attachment –> incontinence
Rupture: trauma or tumerous erosion
Hydroureter/megaloureter: congenital or by blockage
Ureterocele: dilation of distal ureter with bladder

21
Q

Pathologies of bladder:

A

Cystitis - thickening of the walls
Calculi/bladder stones - radiopaque or radiolucent stones
Neoplasia - negative contrast material
Rupture: urethral obstruction, trauma or injury
Diverticulum - calculi, trauma, mural deficits
Displacement - enlarged prostate
Distension

22
Q

Urethra:

A

Single tube leading urine from bladder to external environment
Cranial part lies on os penis (male dogs)
LL position and contrast media to vizualise
Pathology:
Calculi/stones
Rupture
Stenosis/narrowing
Neoplasia: rare

23
Q

Describe intravenous excretory urography:

A

Visualization of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Diagnostic test for renal function
Contrast media is ionic or non-ionic
850ml/kg bw, via cephalic or jugular vein catheter
VD picture taken immediately, then after 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes.
LL picture 10 minutes after injection

24
Q

Cystography:

A

Radiograph of bladder using contrast medium to obtain clear outline of the organ.
4 views: LL, VD, 2x recumbent oblique
Positive contrast study: iodine 10 ml/kg bw
Negative: air, 6-12 ml air/kg bw
Double contrast: iodine contrast agent –> empty bladder –> inject air
Determine thickness of bladder wall and status of mucosal surface
Detecting tumours, stones, rupture

25
Q

Radiographic determination of pregnancy:

A

Uterus is between colon and bladder, at end of pregnancy its at the end of abdominal cavity.
Radiograph: LL view after 25-30 days.
Cat: mineralization of fetus from 35 days
Dog: mineralization of fetus from 45 days

26
Q

Pathology of pregnancy:

A

Pyometra: uterine infection, homogenous fluid opacity
Ectopic fetus: fetus located outside the tubular uterine shadow
Fetal death: loss of spine curvature, malalignment of fetal skeleton, fetal demineralization and disintegration, mummification

27
Q

Ultrasound of pregnancy:

A

25-30 days after mating
More acurate assessment of the fetuses
Detection of fetal heartbeats

28
Q

The prostate:

A

Located in intrapelvic area, surrounding the neck of the bladder
Soft tissue opacity
Move more cranially with age and when it is full
Not seen in cats on plain radiographs (small)
LL view - diameter not wider that 70% of pelvic inlet

29
Q

Pathology of the prostate:

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: enlargement
Prostatitis: enlarged with gas shadows
Neoplasia: cloudy mass near bladder
Calculi/stones: mineralized opacity within prosthatic urethra
Cysts
Abscesses

30
Q

Uterus:

A

Normally indistinguishable from normal small intestine on plain radiograms

31
Q

Pathology of uterus:

A

Pyometra: visible, large and infected uterus, homogenous mass
Presence of gas
Ectopic pregnancy: opaque due to lack of fluid
Granuloma: on uterine stump after ovariehysterectomy

32
Q

Ovaries:

A

Normally not seen, caudally to kidneys.
Pathologies:
Ovarian masses - cystic or neoplastic. Can displace the small intestine cranially, and the descending colon.

Radiology - theoretical part (8 decks)

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