Special Q24-28

Question 1

Liver:

Answer 1

Uniform texture with interruption by tubular to round anechoic areas that represent the hepatic and portal veins.

Question 2

Pathologies of the liver:

Answer 2

Hyperechogenic parenchyma: bright (fat, stone), lipidosis, lymphoma, chronic hepatitis, fibrosis or cirrhosis

Hypoechogenic parenchyma: dark/grey (tumour, lymph node), congestion, acute hepatitis, leukaemia, neoplasia

Anechoic: black (fluid-filled, blood, cyst)

Lesions: seen as masses with hypoechogenic rim and hyperechogenic or isoechogenic centre

Question 3

Gall bladder:

Answer 3

Variable in size and contains more anechoic fluid with a thin and smooth wall.
Common bile duct can be 3 mm(dogs) and 4 mm (cats)
Pathology:
Bile stones, present as small white stone on ultrasound

Question 4

Spleen:

Answer 4

Between fundus and left kidney
Normally homogenous
Parenchyma is slightly hyperechoic in dog

Pathologies of spleen:
* Hemangiosarcoma: cancer
* Splenomegaly: swollen, rounded margins
* Torsion
* Thrombus

Question 5

Ultrasound of gastrointestinal tract is used to:

Answer 5

Assess thickness and motility of GIT
Identify different layers
12 hours before, no food
Presence of air is problem

Question 6

Ultrasound of esophagus:

Answer 6

Foreign bodies, neoplasia, masses
Poorly defined structure with central hyperechoic (bright) area (air)

Question 7

Ultrasound of stomach:

Answer 7

Appearance varies
Wall thickness is 3-5 mm
Different layers cannot be distinguished
Mucous, food or gas presence

Question 8

Ultrasound of large intestine:

Answer 8

useless because of feces and air

Question 9

Pathology of the stomach:

Answer 9

Foreign bodies: hypoechoic (dark) with acoustic shadows
Gastritis: diffuse or localised gastric thickening
Neoplasia: thickening and disruption of wall layers
Pyloric obstruction: symmetric thickening of the pylorus

Question 10

Pathology of small intestine:

Answer 10

Foreign bodies
Intussusception: hypoechoic (dark) rim and ring (cross section)
Intestinal structure
Neoplasia: focal or general thickening, symmetrical or asymmetrical
Others: ileus or enteritis

Question 11

Ultrasound of kidneys:

Answer 11

Position, size, shape and structure.
3-4.5 cm in cats and 6-9 cm in dogs.
Should be symmetrical in size and shape.
Renal cortex is more echogenic (grey) than the medulla (in cats more hyperechoic)
Medulla is anechoic (black)
Pelvis is hyperechogenic (bright) due to fat and connective tissue

Question 12

Pathologies of the kidneys:

Answer 12

Hydronephrosis: enlargement of pelvis
Renal calculi/stones: acoustic shadow
Nephrocalcinosis: increased cortical echogenicity
Rupture: anechoic areas
Neoplasia: focal or multiple
Cysts: anechoic, smooth-marginated, round defects in the renal tissue
Nephritis: diffuse hyperechoic cortical infiltration is typical of any chronic renal disease

Question 13

Bladder:

Answer 13

The normal distended bladder is a pear-shaped structure with a thin wall and anechoic content (urine).
Located on midline in the caudal abdomen ventral to the descending colon, aorta and caudal vena cava.
Normal thickness is 1-3 mm in dogs and 1-2 mm in cats depending on the degree of filling.

Question 14

Pathologies of the bladder:

Answer 14

2 categories:
1) Wall abnormalities
- Cystitis
- Neoplasia
- Hernia and displacement
- Rupture
2) Content abnormalities
- Calculi
- Haemorrhage
- Artefacts

Question 15

Evaluation of the nasal cavity in pigs is used to diagnose:

Answer 15

Rhinitis atrophicans suis
- bacterial inflammation of the tissues inside the nose
- can be atrophy of the turbinate bones
LL or VD (NOT DV)

Question 16

Radiography of nasal cavity in pigs:

Answer 16

Pigs must be sedated, using a metal wire for fixation.
- Size
- Shape (straight or deviated)
- Atrophy of the turbinates

Question 17

Clinical features of disease of nasal cavity of pigs:

Answer 17

Deformation of the maxilla (shortening or twisting)
Deformation of septum nasi
Atrophy of turbinates (increased radiolucency)

Question 18

Pathologies of nasal cavity of pigs:

Answer 18

Atrophy of septum nasi
Atrophic rhinitis
Congenital atrophy of the concha

Question 19

The navicular bone in horses is:

Answer 19

distal sesamoid bone

Question 20

Radiograph of the hoof of horses:

Answer 20

Hoof wall and distal phalanx is very radiolucent.
Navicular bone is very small and difficult to detect.
Helpful to use a grid.
Markers to indicate: lateral, fore- or hindfoot. Right- or left foot.

Question 21

Navicular bone disease:

Answer 21

Is a syndrome of inflammation or degeneration of the navicular bone and its surrounding tissues.
Usually on the front feet
Common cause of forelimb lameness in athletic horses
7-15 years of age
Slowly developing intermittent bilateral forelimb lameness
Involves the:
- distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone)
- distal part of deep digital flexor tendon
- bursa podotrochlearis

Question 22

Pathological changes in navicular bone disease:

Answer 22

Proximal border: osteophytes, enthesophytes, spurs and remodelling

Distal border: lollipod-shaped fossa, synovial invaginations and small osseus fragments

Flexor cortex changes: cortical erosions and mineralisations of deep digital flexor tendon

Medullary cavity changes: lytic lesions, radiolucent cysts

Keratoma: atrophy of the pedal bone

Question 23

Projections of the navicular bone of horses:

Answer 23

Flexor view = clearest
Dorso-palmar/plantar = 65* - elevation
Dorso-palmar/plantar = 45* - foot placed on a block
Lateromedial view = hoof tightly against the cassette on the medial side

Question 24

Additional views for the navicular bone:

Answer 24

Oxpiring projection
Palmaroproximal or palmarodistal (skyline)
Oblique dorsopalmar

Question 25

Evaluation of the nasal cavities and teeth in horses - rostral head projections:

Answer 25

Intraoral to eliminate superimposition
DV view of incisive bone
VD view of the rostral aspect of the mandible

Question 26

Teeth of the horse:

Answer 26

Maxillary teeth are embedded within a thin rim of alveolar bone that separates the teeth from the surrounding paranasal sinuses.
Wolf tooth (first premolar) rarely erupts through the mucosa.
At 2-4 years the alveolus around the mandibular tooth roots expands (remodelling of alveolar bone).

Question 27

Teeth in stallion:

Answer 27

2(I3/3, C1/1, P3-4/3, M3/3) = 42

Question 28

Teeth in mare:

Answer 28

2 (I 3/3, C 0/0, P 4-3/3, M 3/3) = 40

Question 29

Pathology of teeth:

Answer 29

Fractures
Neoplasia
Tooth root abscess
Cyst formation
Periodontal diseases
Alveolar periositis
Maleruption
Pseudocyst

Question 30

Nasal cavities include:

Answer 30

Frontal, caudal and rostral maxillary
Sphenopalatine sinuses on each side

Positions:
LL left and right
DV
Left ventral - dorsal oblique
Left dorsal - right ventral oblique

Question 31

Pathology of nasal cavities:

Answer 31

Fractures (compression)
Primary sinusitis: fluid accumulation
Maxillary sinus cyst: well marginated, round, soft tissue opacities
Ethmoid haematomas: secondary fluid accumulations
Neoplasia: most common is squamous cell carcinoma, osteomas (mineral opacities)
Empyema: pus/fluid in cavities
Sinusitis from dental disease
Dentigerous cysts