Special Q3-8 Flashcards
Name types of joints:
1) Simple - 2 bones (shoulder, hip)
2) Complex - 3 or more (knee, radiocarpal)
3) Synovial - covered by articular cartilage (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, shoulder, hip joint)
4) Fibrous joint - skull (immovable)
5) Cartilaginous joint - ribs (genu costa), pubis symphysis
Name types of changes of joints:
1) Soft tissue changes
2) Non-align joint
3) Joint space changes
4) Luxation
5) Arthritis
6) Synovial osteochondromas
7) Periosteal reactions
8) Osteolytic disease
9) Proliferative joint diseases
Types of soft tissue changes in joints:
swelling, ruptured ligament, damage to cartilage, gas around the joint
Causes of non-align joint:
trauma, developmental limb deformity, degenerative diseases
Types of joint space changes:
Increased, decreased, irregular
Arthritis is an inflammation of:
The synovial membrane
Osteolytic disease is:
incomplete ossification in young and abnormal ossification in adult animals
Proliferative joint diseases are associated with:
Osteoarthritis
What are osteophytes?
New bony formations in the joint spaces caused by trauma or pathology.
What are enteziophytes?
New bony formation at the attachment of a ligament or tendon.
Characterize arthrosis:
Chronic, degenerative joint disease.
- Degeneration of articular cartilage with change in the bony, articular surfaces
- Development of marginal osteophytes
- Deformation of the joint and development of moderate synovitis
What can be causes and radiological signs of arthrosis?
- Secondary to hip dysplasia, patellar luxation and osteochondritis.
- Trauma, joint instability or conformational defects
Signs: synovial effusion, perichondral osteophyte formation, enteziophyte formation, subluxation
Characterize Legg-Calves Perthes disease and cause:
Avascular/aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and neck.
Caused by restricted blood supply –> necrosis –> patchy osteolysis and collapse.
Genetic, uncommon in toy breeds.
Radiographic signs of Legg-Calves Perthes disease:
View: frog-legged (flexed VD)
* Decreased bone opacity, loss of rounded contour of femoral head, becomes cranially flattened
* Wider joint hip space, shallow acetabulum - subluxation
Characterize the knee joint (Stifle joint):
Bones, joints, view and symptoms.
Art. genu
3 bones: femur, patella, tibia
- Femuropatellar joint
- Medial femorotibial joint
- Lateral femorotibial joint
Standard view: mediolateral, lateral oblique, craniocaudal
Assess for: swelling, mineralization in soft tissue, size/shape of intrapatellar fatpad
Luxation of the patella is diagnosed by:
Palpation and radiograph
Characterize medial patellar luxation (include causes):
Common in small breeds.
4 grades of severity.
Causes:
- Malformation of the femoral trochlea
- Poor alignment distal femur and proximal tibia
- Malalignment of the quadriceps muscle
Radiological signs of medial patellar luxation:
Mediolateral view:
- patella is absent from trochlear groove, superimposed on femoral condyles
- medial displacement of patella
- hypoplasia of medial femoral condyle
- shallow trochlea
Characterize lateral patellar luxation:
Primarily in large and giant dog breeds.
Usually associated with genu-valgum deformity, result in ‘‘knock-knees’’ formation of tibia and femur.
- Selective arrest of normal skeletal development
- Bowing of knees –> forcing knees together
- Associated with rapid growth of distal femoral epiphyseal plate and the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate exceed metabolic or nutritional supply
Characterize infrapatellar syndrome in knee joint:
Increased synovial mass in knee joint –> decreased fat pad
Caused by combination of inflammatory response, oedema and compression.
- Post-traumatic knee morbidity
— Primarily: associated with healing, pathological fibrous hyperplasia anterior in the knee
— Secondary: prolonged immobility/lack of extension associated with knee surgery
Characterize hip dysplacia:
Inherited, non-congenital developmental disease.
Results in laxity of the hip joint and secondary osteoarthritis.
Environmental and genetical factors.
Radiological findings in hip dysplacia:
a) Laxity: subluxation, femoral head laterally, reduced Norberg angle (less than 105*)
Normally centre of the femoral head lies medial to the dorsal acetabular rim, with over 50% coverage of the femoral head.
b) Secondary osteoarthritis: Morgan’s line = first sign of osteoarthritis (curvilinear osteophyte on the femoral head).
- Osteophyte formation around femoral head and neck (mushroom shape)
- Chronic: remodelling of femoral head and acetabulum
Radiological views and screening methods in the evaluation of hip dysplacia:
Position 1 = lateral
Position 2 = VD extended - coxofemoral joint
- hind leg fully extended
- minimum 2 lumbar vertebrae
- hip joint
- knee joint
- knee joints rotated inwards so patella is located over the cranial surface
- pelvis must be symmetrical, without pelvic rotation
- similar size and shape of foramina obturatoria
- femur parallel to spine
Sedation/anaesthesia, left and right markers, animal min 12 months old, large dogs over 18 months old
Flückliger classification of hip dysplacia:
Swizz system:
- grading and scoring system
- more objective evaluation
6 parameters:
1. Norberg angle
2. Acetabular coverage of femoral head
3. Cranial acetabular border
4. Subchondral sclerosis of cranial border
5. Femoral head and neck
6. Morgan line
Characterize elbow joint:
3 bones: humerus, radius and ulna
Medial coronoid process
Even and smooth spaces between the bones (good cartilage)
Name primary lesions of the elbow joint:
- Fragmented medial coronoid process disease - fragmentation of coronoid process, altered shape of medial coronoid process
- Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) - femoral condyle
- restricted blood flow –> necrosis
- Craniocaudal view - Ununited anconeal process
- normal closing of anconeal process is 3-5 months of age
- Lateral view - radiolucent between anconeal process and olecranon - Incongruency of elbow joint
- shallow ulnar trochlear notch, long radius or ulna
- increased pressure on anconeal or medial process
International elbow working group (IEWG) - grading:
0 = normal elbows
1 = mild ED with osteophytes smaller than 2 mm, sclerosis present
2 = moderate osteoarthritis with osteophytes between 2-5 mm
3 = severe osteoarthritis with osteophytes bigger than 5 mm or UAP
Name classification criteria for the international elbow working group:
Evaluation of the grade of arthrosis
Measurement of osteophytes thickness
Evaluation of subtrochlear bone sclerosis
Evaluation of joint incongruency
Recognition of primary disease (FCP, UAP, OCD)
Teeth of dog and cat:
Dog: 28 milk, 42 permanent 2x(I 3/3, C 1/1, P4/4, M 2/3).
Cat: 26 milk, 30 permanent 2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)
Enamel, dentine, cementum, pulp.
Pulp is radiolucent, wide in young.
Name projections/techniques for teeth:
1) Extraoral technique
2) Intraoral technique
3) Parallel technique
4) Bisecting technique
5) SLOB - same lingual, opposite buccal
6) Oblique for upper dental arcade
7) Oblique for lower dental arcade
Pathologies of oral cavity:
Abscess/cyst - radiolucent
Enamel hypoplasia - radiolucent line
Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive lesion - high osteoclastic activity
Fracture - radiolucent line
Gingivitis
Luxation - loose tooth
Polyodontia - too many teeth
Pulpitis - inflammation of dental pulp
Resorption of alveolar bone
Root resorption
Teeth stone - calcium salt deposition
Tooth death - large pulp cavity
Tumour of periodontal ligament (osteosarcoma)
