Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Board Review > Special Need > Flashcards

Special Need Flashcards

1
Q

Role of the dental hygienist?

A

Recognize the physical, medical, mental, social and dental needs; monitor vitals. Communicate and adapt an appropriate treatment plan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What’s the most common dental emergency?

A

Syncope due to anxiety; head down, feet up! Trendelenburg position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Signs of asthma?

A

Unproductive cough, dyspnea, anxiety, wheezing, cyanosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Assessment of asthma?

A

Xerostomia is common and increased risk for caries due to meds. Possible mouth breather. Epinephrine in dental emergency kits for pt with asthma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What should NOT be used with asthma patients?

A

Air polisher or ultrasonic scaler, aspirin, anesthesia with epinephrine or levonordefrin due to sulfites. Nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation is recommended in patients with asthma (only respiratory condition to use nitrous oxide).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chronic airway obstruction, etiology is smoking, genetics, severe respiratory infections in childhood, may see increased number of respiration’s in vital signs.

A

COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Over-inflation of alveoli and air sacs; dyspnea, chronic coughing w/expectoration, wheezing, barrel chest, “pink puffer”, more prevalent in older males.

A

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes; “blue bloater” from severe breathing and coughing attacks, “smokers cough”, more prevalent in females.

A

Chronic Bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to treat COPD patients?

A

Treat sitting up, short appointments, and avoid nitrous, ultrasonics, power driven polisher, and rubber dam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transmitted by cough, sneezing or spitting. Do not treat patients when this is active.

A

TB; PPD(purified protein derivative) test is diagnostic skin test for TB, positive test is induration (hardness), avoid producing aerosols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Irregular heartbeat; may be seen as an abnormal pulse. No epinephrine used and these are a contraindication for dental treatment if uncontrolled.

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Requires pre med if it is artificial and include date and type of surgery.

A

Valve Replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peripheral edema seen because cardiac output does not keep up, heart cannot meet the body’s demands; inadequate venous return (ankles swollen). If uncontrolled dental treatment is contraindicated.

A

CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interrupted supply of blood to the heart causes death of the heart muscle. Pain, nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea, and weakness. Postpone treatment for 3-6 months. Avoid epinephrine and maximum epinephrine per appointment: 0.04 mg.

A

Myocardial Infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does not require pre med.

A

Coronary bypass surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chest pain from lack of oxygen, symptoms include crushing, pressure, squeezing, may radiate to shoulders, arms and mandible.

A

Angina pectoris; if occure during dental appointment: one tablet of NTG every 5 mins, no more than 3 tablets in 15 mins, give only if systolic pressure is 100 or higher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Relaxes smooth vascular tissue, acts as vasodilator, given sublingually.

A

Nitroglycerin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Labels as the “silent killer”, pt is at potential for stroke, MI and renal failure. Avoid sudden change of chair position, nitrous oxide is recommended, do not use air polisher due to sodium content.

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Unilateral or bilateral loss of function; sudden weakness, difficulty in communication, unexplained dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, drop to the side of the face, tongue goes crooked and contributing factors include HTN, diabetes and coronary disease. Do not treat for six months after this.

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes slow movements, tremors, rigid muscles, in males (2:1), deterioration of the basal ganglia caused by lack of dopamine, tremors seen in fingers first.

A

Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Progressive irreversible disorder characterized by behavioral change, cognitive disturbances and confusion. Lower acetylcholine levels (memory). Short appointments, Fluoride and antimicrobials are contraindicated.

A

Alzheimer’s disease.
Mild: independent, forgetful, hard to remember some facts.
Moderate: longest stage, confusion, frustration, moody and withdrawn.
Severe: personality changes, difficulty communicating and full time assistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

No eye contact; prefer routine; intraoral trauma due to self abuse behavior; increased caries; short, frequent appointments in calm environment.

A

Autism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Short attention spans, talkative, short appointments recommended, do not give frequent breaks, mid morning after meds is best time for appointment and Ritalin is the drug prescribed.

A

ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Recurrent or chronic brain dysfunction. Do not sit pt. Up during, do not place tongue blade between the teeth, and gingival enlargement due to meds.

A

Epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How are seizures categorized?

A

Petit mal-mild
Grand mal-severe
Status epilepticus- continuous convulsion lasting > 5 minutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sensation preceding a seizure.

A

Aura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Trisomy 21; incidence increases with increased maternal age, fissured tongue, macroglossia, mouth breathing, decreased dental caries, poor immunity.

A

Down syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Restlessness; decrease environmental stimulation, use quiet voice, simple routine, Little or no background music, increased caries due to Xerostomia.

A

Schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Insomnia, decreased ability to make decisions, various pain responses, possible xerostomia from meds, avoid guilt techniques, and encourage regular exercise program.

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Paraplegic; more independent, lacks trunk stability.

A

T-1 to T-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If the patient has a shunt, what is necessary?

A

Premedication

32
Q

What’s the first step in wheelchair transfer?

A

Ask patient if they can transfer by themselves.

33
Q

Lack of control of muscles with involuntary muscular movements, paralysis, weakness, muscle spasms, electric toothbrush may be recommended for the caregiver to use, is not contagious or a disease.

A

Cerebral Palsy; utilize fulcrum and an assistant to help with high-speed suction.

34
Q

Paralysis or weakness of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) resulting in the inability to control the muscles on the affected side; occurs unilaterally, eyelids won’t close, excessive salivation and drooling, potential for gingival inflammation.

A

Bell’s palsy

35
Q

Onset usually between 20-40, loss of the myelin sheath that insulates the nerves, dysarthria, paresthesia, numbness of orofacial structures or trigeminal neuralgia.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

36
Q

Spine is curved from side to side, C or S shape rather than a straight line, congenital, idiopathic or neuromuscular-related, may appear as RO in the center of a panoramic image (do not confuse with lead apron artifact).

A

Scoliosis

37
Q

Susceptible to bacterial, viral and fungal infections (ie: periodontal abscesses and candida infections), delayed wound healing, inadequate production of the hormone insulin from the pancreas.

A

Diabetes.
Type 1: insulin dependent
Type 2: non-insulin dependent

38
Q

Insulin shock, most common adverse reaction, low blood sugar, too much insulin, increased heart rate, moist clammy skin, sweating, shakiness, vision problems, administer sugar in the form of a non-diet soft drink.

A

Hypoglycemia

39
Q

High blood sugar, inadequate insulin. Diabetic coma, deep rapid breathing, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and dehydration, fever, dry flushed skin, and a sweet or fruity odor to the breath.

A

Hyperglycemia; give fluids and keep patient warm.

40
Q

What’s the maximum dose of epinephrine for uncontrolled diabetes?

A

0.04 mg

41
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis

42
Q

Oral, fecal routes; poor hygiene habits; unwashed hands especially when handling food

A

Hepatitis A and E

43
Q

Transmitted through contact with blood of a person with Hep B by intravenous drug use with a contaminated needle, sexual contact with an infected person, women may pass it on to baby, passed through saliva, blood, aerosol, or droplets, needle sticks or other sharps.

A

Hepatitis B

44
Q

Most asymptomatic. Exposure to infected blood, persons routinely exposed to blood or a person who has received blood transfusion are susceptible to this type, via sharing of needles contaminated by infected drug users. Saliva, blood, aerosol or droplets, percutaneous exposure to contaminated blood, contaminated needles, syringes, sexual exposure and perinatal exposure.

A

Hepatitis C

45
Q

Primarily in persons with multiple exposures to Hepatitis B, direct exposure to contaminated blood and body fluids, contaminated needles and syringes, sexual exposure, perinatal exposure.

A

Hepatitis D

46
Q

Pt may demonstrate increased periodontal disease, caries, ulceration from meds, halitosis, bleeding tendency, and poor wound healing. Best time of appointment is the day after dialysis.

A

Renal Failure

47
Q

Failure of the adrenal glands to produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Characterized by weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, dehydration, low blood sugar, and bronzing or darkening of the skin (intraoral melanotic macules).

A

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s disease)

48
Q

Also known as hypercortisolism (too much cortisol), May be due to chronic steroid use (long term, high dose prescriptions), rapid weight gain, round “moon shaped” face, Buffalo hump on the back, HTN, bone fractures, heart failure, poor healing.

A

Cushing syndrome

49
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, refer to MD for consult if present.

A

Goiter

50
Q

Also known as Graves’ disease. Goiter, nervousness, insomnia, profuse sweating, moist skin, heat intolerant, and accelerated tooth eruption.

A

Hyperthyroidism

51
Q

Obesity, dry skin, low BP, slow pulse, cold intolerant, delayed tooth eruption, common treatment is thyroid replacement therapy (Synthroid); worst sequella for hypothyroidism is myxedema coma.

A

Hypothyroidism

52
Q

Inherited disorder of the experiment glands, accumulation of mucus occurs, do not use air polisher or nitrous oxide.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

53
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease; autoimmune disorder. Abdominal cramping, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea, weight loss, large infra oral apthous ulcers, swelling and ulcers of the lips, papilla atrophy of the tongue (due to poor vitamin absorption).

A

Crohns Disease

54
Q

Joint inflammation that causes pain, stiffness and limited mobility. Best time for appointment is mid morning, modified auxiliary aids for home care in rheumatoid arthritis.

A

Arthritis

55
Q

Progressive cartilage degeneration and loss of cushioning.

A

Osteoarthritis

56
Q

Chronic condition characterized by inflammation, soreness, and stiffness.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

57
Q

Positioning of the patient is critical to eliminate physical stress on the body; watch patient elbows, knees and areas that may be stressed.

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

58
Q

High vaulted palate, class III Occlusion, possible TMJ disease, long narrow teeth, may have congenital heart defects; possible antibiotic premedication.

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

59
Q

Oral pathologic changes seen in geriatric patients include?

A

Xerostomia from meds, periodontal diseases left untreated, increased risks of oral cancer, dental caries, attrition, abrasion, enamel discoloration and cracking.

60
Q

Assessment considerations for all drug and alcohol abuse conditions include:

A

Increased periodontal disease, susceptibility to infections, increased risk of oral cancer, leukoplakia and glossitis, increased dental caries. IV drug addicts require premedication prior to dental treatment.

61
Q

Successful interactions to help patients quit smoking include the 5 A’s.

A

Ask-about tobacco use, 1st step.
Advise-clear, strong message.
Assess- is pt willing to quit.
Assist- counseling or therapy that will help pt to quit.
Arrange- follow up contact should be made within the first week of quit date.

62
Q

Nicotine stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, halitosis, precancerous lesions, periodontal disease.

A

Tobacco user

63
Q

The best time to establish a quit date and the fastest NRT to reduce withdrawal symptoms?

A

A week from today and Nicotine nasal spray is fastest (inhalation route provides rapid delivery of drug).

64
Q

Avoid mouth rinses containing alcohol and essential oils, nitrous oxide bc mimics the feeling of being drunk, poses very high risk for cancer, in combination with NTG results in dangerously low BP.

A

Alcoholism

65
Q

Increased pulse rate is common, restlessness, elation, grandiosity, agitation, euphoria, Xerostomia, increased caries, bruxism, aggressive brushing, dark almost black soft plaque, dilated pupils, if pt has used wait 24 hours before providing treatment and use of epinephrine is contraindicated for persons who use.

A

Cocaine user

66
Q

Depressant, pin point pupils, drowsiness, decreased respiratory rate, bradycardia, hypotension, and decrease in body temperature.

A

Heroin User

67
Q

Poor mans cocaine; crystal meth. Dry mouth, burned mucosal surfaces, increased caries, rampant caries, increased periodontal disease, cracked enamel due to clenching and grinding, possible unsafe interactions with common dental anesthesia, increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

A

Methamphetamine

68
Q

I shaped or cleft palate, gingivitis, abnormal tooth eruption and malformation. “Tell, show, do”.

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

69
Q

Includes reduced CD4 helper T-lymphocyte function. Candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, oral warts, angular cheilitis, recurrent herpetic infections, rampant periodontal disease, Karposi’s Sarcoma, increased caries, tooth erosion, Xerostomia from meds, and apthous ulcers.

A

HIV; treat all with kindness, respect and compassion. May need antibiotic premed for infections, avoid aerosols ONLY for patient protection, consider 3 month recalls.

70
Q

Autoimmune disease of CT characterized by an overproduction of collagen; immobility and rigidity of skin is seen. Xerostomia, widening is PDL space, Raynaud’s phenomenon: vasopastic disorder causing discoloration of fingers, bluish appearance.

A

Scleroderma

71
Q

How to treat a deaf patient.

A

Speak slowly, articulate well, do not shout, speak with your hands and voice, do not wear a mask that may cover the face.

72
Q

How to treat a blind patient.

A

Offer your assistance, clear obstacles from the pathway, explain steps in detail during the appointment before proceeding.

73
Q

How to treat the pregnant patient?

A

Do not give fluoride supplements, short appointments during second trimester, position patient in chair on her left side with pillow to elevate right hip.

74
Q

Hemoglobin defect that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, susceptible to infections, mucosal pallor, smooth tongue due to atrophy of papillae, and delayed eruption.

A

Sickle cell anemia

75
Q

Advanced periodontitis, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles of feet, loss of primary teeth usually by age 4, loss of permanent teeth usually by age 14.

A

Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome

76
Q

Cancer of the white blood cells that affects the bone marrow and circulating blood. Pallor, lymphadenopathy, gingival enlargement, oral ulcers, loose teeth, and recurrent infections. Eliminate all infections/caries prior to chemotherapy and radiation.

A

Leukemia

77
Q

Affecting the liver and brain, marked by rapid development of life-threatening neurological symptoms. Always follows a viral illness such as he flu or chickenpox; seen in children and adolescents. The use of ASA has been linked to this; acetaminophen is used in place of ASA for these patients.

A

Reyes Syndrome

Board Review (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions