Anatomy Flashcards
Muscle of facial expression, Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue via chords tympani), sublingual and submandibular salivary glands (parasympathetic).
Facial VII
Taste and sensation for the posterior 1/3 of tongue, and parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.
Glossopharyngeal IX
Muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus, X, XI).
Hypoglossal
Includes tip of nose (nasociliary), eyes (lacrimal), and forehead (frontal). Is Sensory.
V1 Opthalmic
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
V1 Ophthalmic, V2 Maxillary, and V3 Mandibular.
Includes the upper teeth, nose, palate, mouth, cheek, and temporal region. Is sensory.
V2 Maxillary
Includes the muscles of mastication (motor) and lower teeth (sensory). Both Sensory and Motor.
V3 Mandibular
PSA
Maxillary molars, except MB root of 1st molar and facial gingival tissues. Contraindicated when risk of hemorrhage is too great.
MSA
Maxillary premolars and MB root of 1st molar and facial gingival tissues of premolars and MB root of #3. Contraindicated when infection/inflammation in area.
ASA
Maxillary centrals, laterals, cuspids, and facial gingival tissues of maxillary central, lateral and canine. Contraindicated when homeostasis is needed and when only one or two teeth need to be anesthetized.
IA
All mandibular teeth, lingual gingiva, anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth, facial soft tissues of 2nd premolar to central incisor. Contraindicated when patient’s may bite their lip/tongue and infection/acute inflammation in area.
GP
No teeth anesthetized, lingual soft tissues of maxillary molar to canine. Contraindicated with inflammation/infection in area.
NP
No teeth anesthetized, lingual soft tissues of maxillary from incisor to canine. Contraindicated with inflammation/infection in area.
Buccal
No teeth anesthetized, facial soft tissue of mandibular molars to 1st premolar. Contraindicated with infections/inflammation in area.
Mental
No teeth anesthetized, buccal soft tissues of lower lip, chin, and buccal soft tissues from 1st premolar forward. Contraindicated with infections/inflammation in area.
Incisive
All teeth anterior to mental foramen, buccal soft tissues of lower lip, chin, buccal soft tissues from 1st premolar forward. Contraindicated with infections/inflammation in area.
What innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3).
What supplies blood to the muscles of mastication?
Maxillary artery (branch of the external carotid artery),
Whats the origin and function of the Temporalis?
Temporal fossa (temple) and retract and elevate the mandible.
Whats the origin and function of the Masseter?
Zygomatic arch (Cheek bone) and elevates the mandible.
Whats the origin and function of the medial pterygoid?
Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone) and maxillary tuberosity. It elevates and protrudes the mandible.
Whats the origin and function of the lateral pterygoid?
Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone) and infra temporal surface of the sphenoid bone. Protrude and/or depress the mandible (working with the hyoid muscles), and allow the side to side (lateral) shift of the mandible.
How is the medial pterygoid different from the master muscle?
medial pterygoid is internal and the master is external.
What closes and elevates the mandible?
Temporalis, medial pterygoid, and masseter muscles
What opens the mouth?
The lateral pterygoid with the hyoid muscles.
What’s the Buccinator muscle?
Cheek muscle, muscle of facial expression, and keeps food on chewing surface of the teeth.
What’s the mylohyoid muscle?
Comprises floor of mouth and attaches to the mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique extension).
What does the temporal bone of the TMJ include?
Mandibular fossa, glenoid fossa, or articular fossa (articular eminence, just anterior to the fossa)
What does the mandible contain?
Condyle
What does the articular disc of the TMJ include?
Prevents bone to bone contact, divides joint into upper and lower synovial cavities, moves with the condyle under normal function.
What does the capsule of the TMJ include?
thick fibrous tissue surrounding joint, inner lining secretes synovial fluid (lubricates joint).
What happens when both lateral pterygoids contract?
It will protrude the jaw.
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
The facial nerve VII.
What supplies the blood to the muscles of facial expression?
the facial artery.
What muscles contribute to a smile?
Zygomaticus, levator anguli oris, and risorius.
What innervates the hyoid muscles?
Trigeminal Nerve (V) and Facial Nerve (VII)
What is the infra hyoid muscles?
below the hyoid bone and stabilizes the hyoid bone.
What comprises the infra hyoid muscles?
thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid (sternum or breast bone), omohyoid (shoulder).
What is the supra hyoid muscles?
above the hyoid bone, open the mouth, and depresses the mandible.
What comprises the supra hyoid muscles?
mylohyoid (floor of mouth), geniohyoid (genial tubercles), digastric (support slings, from mastoid process to mandible), stylohyoid (styloid process).
What innervates the sternocleidomastoid and its function?
Accessory Nerve XI, tilts and rotates the head. (sternum and clavicle).
What innervates the trapezius and its function?
Accessory Nerve XI, rotate and elevate the shoulder. (occipital and vertebral bones)
What supplies the heart with blood?
Coronary arteries
In an emergency how is pulse measured in adults and children?
Adults: Carotid Children: Brachial
In a non emergency how is pulse measured in adults and children?
Adults: radial Children: Brachial
Where does deoxygenated blood flow from?
Superior and inferior vena cavae, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery (to lungs).
Where does oxygenated blood flow from?
pulmonary vein (from lungs), left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left ventricle, and aorta (to body).
Blood flow from the heart to the head?
Aorta, brachiocephalic artery, branching to the common carotid, common carotid, right and left common carotids branch: internal carotid and external carotid.
What are the three branches of the external carotid artery?
Maxillary: teeth, muscles of mastication, ear.
Lingual: tongue and floor of the mouth.
Facial: muscles of facial expression, lips, eyelids, soft palate, and throat.
What is the pterygoid plexus?
found near the pterygoid muscles, maxillary tuberosity, and sphenoid bone.
What structures drain into the plexus?
teeth, muscles of mastication, buccinator, nose, and palate.
What is the cavernous sinus>
Contains venous blood located on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose.
What is the Lymphatic system?
Network of tiny channels and nodes. Helps venous circulation return interstitial fluid to the blood stream from the tissues of the body, and plays a key role in our immune system.
What do tender/enlarged lymph nodes indicate?
infection and/or malignancy
What does the submental nodes drain?
fluid from the mandibular incisors, tip of tongue, midline of lip, chin, and floor of the mouth.
What does the submandibular nodes drain?
the submental nodes and remaining teeth, may or may not include 3rd molars.
What does the deep cervical nodes drain?
the submandibular, 3rd molars, and the wall of the throat.
Whats the site of cellular protein synthesis?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for phagocytosis and digestion?
Lysosomes
Most structures of the oral cavity develop from two embryonic processes?
Frontal process and 1st branchial arch.
Where does the posterior 1/3 tongue and hyoid bone develop from?
The 2nd and 3rd branchial arches
When does the development of th face begin?
week 3
When is the upper lid complete and what is it formed by?
6-8 weeks, formed by the fusion of the median nasal process and right and left maxillary processes.
when does the palate develop and from what?
6-12 weeks, and from the fusion of the globular process with the left and right palatal shelves. It separates the stomeduem into an upper (nasal) and lower (oral) cavity.
How do embryonic processes fuse?
Anterior to posterior.
When do clefts occur and when do most abnormalities occur?
When processes fail to fuse completely and during the first trimester of pregnancy.
What supplies the tongue?
The lingual artery.
What innervates the tongue>
XII (motor nerve muscles, except palatoglossus)
V3 (sensory to anterior 2/3) (mandibular division, trigeminal)
VII (taste to anterior 2/3) (Chorda tympani)
IX (taste, sensory to posterior 1/3)
Keratinized papillae, contain no taste buds, most numerous, give tongue velvet appearance, elongation known as “hairy tongue”.
Filiform
Contain taste buds, fewer, larger, and appear as red bumps.
Fungiform
lateral border of tongue, contain taste buds, common site for oral cancer.
Foliate
Anterior to the sulcus terminalis, contain taste buds and glands of Von Ebner (minor salivary glands, serous)
Circumvallate
What is the V-shaped line separating the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Sulcus Terminalis
The site for embryonic origin of the thyroid gland and found at the center or point of the sulcus terminalis.
Foramen Caecum
What is the flow of saliva stimulated by>
Parasympathetic nervous system
Produces 65% saliva, empties under tongue, mixed secretion (mostly serous), parasympathetic innervation by cranial nerve VII.
Submandibular gland/Wharton’s duct
Located near the angle/body of the mandible, developmental concavity of the mandibular cortical plate, and is associated with the submandibular gland.
Stafne’s Duct
produces 10% of total saliva, mixed secretion (mostly mucous),parasympathetic innervation by cranial nerve VII, located in floor of mouth near the midline,empties under the tongue
Sublingual Gland/Bartholin’s Duct
produces 25% saliva, empties opposite the maxillary molars, serous secretion only, located in front of and below the ears, parasympathetic innervation by cranial nerve IX
Parotid Gland/Stenson’s duct
What opens unto sublingual fold?
Multiple ducts of Rivinus
Dental lamina (ectodermal thickening) grows into the underlying mesenchymal (connective) tissue at 20 places to form the primary teeth.
Initiation (bud Stage) starts!
Dental papilla arises from the specialized connective tissue and produces pulp and dentin.
Proliferation (Cap Stage) grows!
What does the dental sac surround?
The developing tooth, and becomes cementum, the PDL, and alveolar bone.
When the enamel organ develops 4 distinct layers known as outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, and inner enamel epithelium.
Differentiation (Bell stage) specializes!
What becomes ameloblasts which produce enamel?
inner enamel epithelium
What does the outer enamel epithelium in conjunction with the inner enamel epithelium create?
Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheet (HERS); helps determine outline of the root and dissolves.
What does the DEJ develop from?
Basement membrane
Whats the process for enamel formation?
Ectoderm/Dental lamina–>Enamel organ–>Inner enamel epithelium–>Ameloblasts–>Enamel
When does root formation begin and end?
It begins after the crown is complete and ends 1-4 years after eruption.
What are remnants of HERS and have the potential to form cyts?
Rests of Malassez
What are remnants of the dental lamina known as?
Rests of Serres
What is the oral mucosa composed of and include?
Composed of stratifies squamous epithelial layer and a connective tissue lamina propria, seperated by a basement membrane. iT includes the masticatory, lining and specialized mucosal tissues.
What is the masticatory mucosal tissue?
Keratinized and protects the attached gingiva and hard palate.
Where does the keratinization of the attached gingiva end?
At the free gingival margin.
What is the lining mucosa?
Not keratinized and includes the alveolar, vestibular, and buccal mucosa as well as the floor of the mouth.
What does the specialized mucosa refer to?
Papillae of the tongue
96% mineralized, hardest tissue of body, produced by ameloblasts from the inner enamel epithelium, lines of retries are incremental lines from mineralization, enamel spindles are ends of odontoblastic processes which cross the DEJ.
Enamel
70% mineralized, tubular structure, forms greatest bulk of tooth, produced by odontoblasts from the dental papilla, primary dentin is deposited before completion of the root, secondary dentin develops after the tooth is in occlusion, odontoblastic processes are found in the dentinal tubules,
Dentin
1st layer of dentin immediately adjacent to the DEJ.
Mantle dentin
Remaining dentin, adjacent to the pulp
Circumpulpal dentin
50% mineralized (like bone), found on the root surface, produced by cementoblasts located in the PDL, contains cementocytes in lacunae, thinnest at the cervical portion of the tooth and thickest at the apex, acellular found the CEJ, cellular at the apex, nourished by the periodontal ligament.
Cementum
Vital, sensory, responsive portion of the tooth, contains: blood vessels, nerve fibers, fibroblasts, odontoblasts, histiocytes, and pulp stones.
Pulp
Suspensatory ligament attaching tooth to alveolar socket, composed of dense collagen and fibroblasts, attached to cementum by Sharpey’s fibers, oblique fibers most numerous (resist intrusive and rotational forces)
PDL
What premolar most likely to have 2 root?
Maxillary first
What tooth has the longest root?
Maxillary canine
Cuspid with occasionally bifurcated root (facial-lingual)
Mandibular
Tooth which most often fails to develop
3rd molar or maxillary laterals.
Non-functional lingual cusp.
mandibular first premolar
Premolar which commonly has 3 cusps?
mandibular second
Tooth which frequently has a fifth cusp?
mandibular first molar and maxillary first molar (Cusp of Carabelli)
Tooth most often affected by microdontia
maxillary lateral incisor
Tooth most likely to have a root with 2 canals
mandibular first molar (medial root)
Tooth most likely to exhibit lingual caries>
Maxillary lateral incisor
How does the maxillary first molar oblique ridge run?
from distobuccal cusp to mesiolingual cusp
Whats the widest and strongest root?
mesial root of the mandibular first molar
Tooth with tendency to have divergent roots?
maxillary first molar
Tooth with the most unique anatomy
primary first mandibular molar
When do the first deciduous incisors (centrals) erupt?
At about age 6 months.
When is the primary dentition generally complete by and begins formation?
It is complete by age 30 months and begins formation as early as 6 weeks in utero.
When and what is the first permanent tooth to usually erupt?
about age 6 years and is most often the first molar.
How long does the mixed dentition stage generally last?
Through age 12 or 13 with the loss of the last deciduous tooth (maxillary cuspid or mandibular second molar.
When does the permanent dentition formation begin?
As early as four months in utero.
In the mixed dentition stage, what are the last two teeth to erupt and most likely to lack adequate eruption space and become impacted?
Maxillary cuspid or the mandibular second bicuspid.
After the mixed dentition stage, what teeth are likely to be impacted?
Third molars
