Special Dosage Forms

Question 1

A radioactive pharmaceutical agent that is used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

Answer 1

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

Question 2

defined as 3.700x1010 nuclear transformations per second or disintegrations per second (dps)

Answer 2

Curie (Ci)

Question 2

International unit of activity:

Answer 2

Becquerel (Bq) = one disintegration per second

Question 2

Pressurized dosage forms that upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials containing one or more active ingredients in a gaseous medium
Depend upon the power of a liquefied or compressed gas to dispense active ingredient’s in a finely dispersed mist, foam, or
semisolid

Answer 2

AEROSOLS

Question 2

Advantages of Aerosols

Answer 2

Rapid onset of action Prevent first pass effect
Avoid GIT degradation
Minimize ADRs due to lower dose
Allow dose titration and ideal for PRN medications Alternate route to prevent chemical and physical interactions with other drugs given concurrently
Useful when other routes of administration (enteral and parenteral) are not suitable

Question 2

pharmaceutical aerosols intended for administration as fine, solid particles, or as liquid mists via the respiratory system or nasal passages
Metering valves are employed when the formulation is a potent medication
- Particle size: < 10 micrometers, usually 3-6 micrometers for maximum therapeutic response

Answer 2

METERED DOSE INHALERS (MDIs)

Question 2

BASIC PARTS and COMPONENTS of AEROSOLS

Answer 2

1. Propellant
2. Container
3. Valve
4. Actuator
5. Dip tube

Question 2

supplies the necessary force to expel the product and also acts to serve as the solvent and diluent

Answer 2

Propellant

Question 2

Types of propellant

Answer 2

1.1. Liquefied gases - saturated HC (n-butane, propane), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), dimethylether, and
hydrofluorocarbons (more accepted compared to CFCs)

1.2. Compressed gases - carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, nitrous oxide

Question 3

most widely used metal container for aerosols, light and relatively inexpensive

Answer 3

Tin-plated steel

Question 3

preferred for use with most MDIs, strong and less reactive than the other metals

Answer 3

Aluminum

Question 4

high aesthetic value and minimal incompatibilities; use is limited to products with low pressure and propellant percentage; plastic coatings render glass more resistant to accidental breakage

Answer 4

Glass (uncoated or plastic coated)

Question 5

most basic part through which the contents of the package are emitted; regulates the flow of product from the container; either spray valve or foam valve

Answer 5

valve

Question 6

conveys the liquid from the bottom of the container to the dispensing valve at the top and also prevents escape of propellant without dispensing of the product concentrate (active ingredient, contents of package)

Answer 6

Dip tube

Question 6

allows the product to be dispensed in the desired form and in a rapid and convenient way

Answer 6

Actuator

Question 7

TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL AEROSOLS

Answer 7

1. Solution aerosols
2. Dispersions or suspensions (powder aerosols)
3. Emulsions
4. Semisolid preparations

Question 8

consist of solution of active ingredients in pure propellant and solvents

Answer 8

Solution aerosols

Question 9

similar to solution aerosols except that the active ingredients are suspended or dispersed throughout the propellant/s or propellant and solvent phase; used for difficult to dissolve compounds (e.g. antibiotics and steroids)

Answer 9

Dispersions or suspensions (powder aerosols)

Question 10

can be dispersed as a spray, stable foam, or quick- breaking foam; can be o/w or w/o type

Answer 10

Emulsions

Question 11

depend on nitrogen to push contents from package

Answer 11

Semisolid preparations