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PHARM 200 Lecture Midterm > Non-Aqueous Solutions > Flashcards

Non-Aqueous Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Classes of Non-aqueous Solutions

A
  1. Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic
  2. Oleaginous
  3. Ethereal
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2
Q

clear & pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use

A

Elixir

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2
Q

Elixirs containing more than ___________ of alcohol are usually self- preserving and do not require the addition of an antimicrobial agent

A

10% - 12% alcohol

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2
Q

High alcoholic elixirs:

A

75-78% alcohol

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2
Q

Low alcoholic elixirs:

A

8- 10% alcohol

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2
Q

alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances

A

Spirits (Essences)

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2
Q

used as a vehicle for various drugs that require solvents of different alcoholic concentrations; mixtures of high & low alcoholic elixirs

A

Iso-alcoholic Elixir

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3
Q

examples of spirits

A

Spiritus vini vitis (brandy)
Spiritus frumenti (whisky)

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3
Q

fish-liver oils diluted with edible vegetable oil or solutions of indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates (usually vitamins A and D) in fish-liver oil

A

Oleovitamins

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3
Q

preparation of spirits

A

a. Simple-solution-most common; Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
b. Solution with Maceration - Peppermint Spirit
c. Solution by Chemical Reaction-Ethyl Nitrite Spirit
‘d., Distillation Brandy (fermented juice of ripe grapes); Whisky (fermented malt)

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3
Q

solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soaps, or emulsion and y may contain suitable antimicrobial preservative

A

Liniments (embrocations)

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3
Q

Types of Liniment:

A

a. oily liniment-for massage
b. alcoholic liniments used for their rubefacient, counterirritant, mildly astringent, and penetrating effects

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3
Q

preparations used for temporary relief of toothache by application of a small pledget of cotton saturated with the product into the tooth cavity

A

Toothache drops

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3
Q

Anesthetic compounds:

A

eugenol (clove oil), benzocaine

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4
Q

Other ingredients:

A

camphor, creosote, menthol, alcohol

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5
Q

Pyroxyllin (nitrocellulose, soluble gun cotton, collodion cotton); obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid on cotton; consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate

A

Ethereal Solutions

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6
Q

liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture usually composed of alcohol and ether with or without added medicinal substances (3 volumes of ether and 1 volume of alcohol)

A

Collodions

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7
Q

a two-phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed uniformly throughout the other and consist of globules that have diameters equal to or greater than those of the larges colloidal particles

A

Emulsion

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8
Q

prepared by adding 2% camphor (makes the product waterproof) and 3% castor oil (renders the product flexible) to collodion

A

Flexible Collodion

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9
Q

10% solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion; keratolytic; removal of corns from toes

A

Salicylic Acid Collodion

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10
Q

2 Phases of Emulsion

A

Internal phase/dispersed phase/discontinuous phase

External phase/dispersion medium/continuous phase

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10
Q

Types of Emulsions

A

a. o/w emulsion-washable
b. w/o emulsion - non-washable phase
c. Multiple emulsions - w/o/w or a/wo
d. Microemulsion - most stable, single

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10
Q

Reasons for Formulating Emulsions

A

Increased stability
-Increased solubility/absorption
-Improve taste and appearance
-Prolong drug action

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11
Q

Tests for Emulsions

A

a. Dilution Test
b. Dye Solubility Test
C. Electrical Conductivity Test
d. Fluorescence Test

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12
Q

referred to as 4:2:1 method (4 parts by volume of oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part of gum)
- Oil + emulsifying agent (gum) then water

A

Dry Gum (Continental) Method

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13
Q

same proportions of oil, water, and gum as in the continental or dry gum method but the order of mixing is different

Water + emulsifying agent (gum) then oil is added slowly in portions

A

Wet gum (English) Method

13
Q

for extemporaneous preparation of emulsins from volatile oils or oleaginous substances of low viscosites Gum + oil (shaken in a dry bottle) then water 3:2:1 or 2:2:1 (oil:water:emulsifier)

A

Bottle or Forbes Bottle Method

13
Q

The emulsifying agent is the salt of the free fatty acid formed from the combination of the two entities

A

Nascent Soap (In Situ Soap) Method

13
Q

maintains the integrity and prevents coalescence of the individual droplets
Acts by lowering the interfacial tension by forming a film at the interface

A

Emulsifying Agents

13
Q

Types of Emulsifying Agents

A

A. According to function
B. According to source

14
Q

A. According to function

A
  1. True emulsifying agents (primary agents)- capable of stabilizing emulsion by themselves
  2. Stabilizers or Auxiliary Agents- not capable of forming acceptable emulsion and they are used in combination with primary agents
15
Q

B. According to source

A
  1. Natural emulsifiers-e.g. acacia, tragacanth, pectin, gelatin, agar
  2. Synthetic emulsifiers
16
Q

Synthetic emulsifiers

A

a. Anionic-e.g. sulfuric acid esters e.g. Na lauryl sulfate b. Cationic e.g. quaternary ammonium compounds like benzalkonium chloride
c. Nonionic e.g. Spans (sorbitan esters) for w/o emulsions Tweens (polysorbates) for o/w emulsions

17
Q

provides a means to rate the emulsifying agents based on their hydrophobic and lipophilic properties

A

HLB System

18
Q

preparations containing finely divided drug particles (suspensoids) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility

A

Suspensions

18
Q

Reasons for Preparing Suspensions:

A

For solutes insoluble in solution
For solutes which are unstable in solution form
Mask unpleasant taste

18
Q

formation of cement-like substance due to small particles which fill up the interparticle spaces

A

caking

19
Q

Remedy for caking

A

Formulation of uniform particles

19
Q

remedy for inaccurate dosage

A

Use of measuring cup

19
Q

liquid suspensions or dispersions intended for external application to the body

A

lotions

19
Q

semisolid systems consisting of dispersions made up of either small Inorganic particles or large organic molecules enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid
e.g. Aluminum hydroxide gel - antacid; Betamethasone gel - anti-inflammatory; Tretinoin gel-keratolytic

A

gels

19
Q

b. Chemical reaction

A

e.g. White lotion (ZnO) - from zinc sulfate + sulfurated potash

19
Q

Preparation:

A

a. Trituration using mortar & pestle
b. Chemical reaction

19
Q

a. Trituration using mortar & pestle

A

Porcelain - for efflorescent & deliquescent substances

Efflorescent-gives off water of crystallization

Deliquescent-absorbs moisture then liquefies

Hygroscopic-absorbs moisture but does not liquefy

Glass mortar-for substances that stain e.g. Calamine lotion - ZnO + ferric oxide (for aesthetic purposes)

20
Q

aqueous suspensions of insoluble, inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that the suspended particles are larger; generally whitish in color

A

Magmas/Milks

21
Q

Preparation of Magma/Milk

A

a. Hydration-milk of magnesia (laxative and antacid)
b. Chemical reaction e.g.MgSO+NaOH forming Mg hydroxide

22
Q

Suspending Agents

A
  1. Hydrophilic colloids - tragacanth
  2. Clays-bentonite, veegum
  3. Others-agar & pectin
22
Q

a process of extracting the water-soluble and heat-stable constituents of crude drugs by boiling in water for 15 minutes

A

Decoction

22
Q

involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in standard extraction procedures

A

Extraction

23
Q

-oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients, dissolved.
-suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle

A

mixtures

23
Q

Examples of mixture:

A

Kaopectate-kaolin + pectin (antidiarrheal)
Bordeaux mixture - CuSO4 + CaO (algaecide in pools)

23
Q

solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with the prescribed solvent and allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days in a warm place with frequent agitation.

A

Maceration

23
Q

the ground drug is mixed with the appropriate quantity of the prescribed solvent to make it evenly and uniformly damp; it is allowed to stand for 15 minutes, then transferred to a percolator and packed; sufficient prescribed solvent is added to saturate the drug; the drug is allowed to macerate for 24 hours or for the specified time

A

Percolation

23
Q

a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the extraction process

A

Digestion

24
Q

preparations obtained from plant and animals with the aid of the solvent

A

Extractives

25
Q

maceration in hot or cold water

A

Infusion

26
Q

alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances
Tinctures of potent vegetable drugs essentially represent the activity of 10 g of the drug in each 100 ml of the tincture (10% w/v)

A

Tinctures

26
Q

Types of extractives

A
  1. Tincture
  2. Fluidextracts
  3. Extracts
27
Q

Methods of Preparing Tinctures

A

a. Process P (Percolation) e.g. Belladonna Tincture
b. Process M (Maceration) e.g. Sweet Orange Peel Tincture
c. Simple solution e.g. lodine Tincture (contains 2% iodine in 50% alcohol)

28
Q

liquid preparations of vegetable drugs, containing alcohol as a solvent or as a preservative, or both
Each milliliter contains the therapeutic constituents of 1 g of the standard drug that it represents (100%)

A

Fluidextracts

28
Q

Methods of Fluidextracts

A

a. Process A - percolation
b. Process E-alternative for Process A; percolation method is conducted in a column of drug much greater in length than in diameter
C. Process D - makes use of boiling water as menstruum; Cascara Sagrada Fluidextract-cathartic

29
Q

concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs
obtained by:
a. Removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with
suitable menstruum
b. Evaporation of all or nearly all the solvent
c. Adjustment of the residual masses to the prescribed standards

A

Extracts

30
Q

3 Forms of Extracts

A

a. Semiliquid extracts-liquids of syrupy consistency
b. Pillular or solid extracts-plastic masses for making ointments and
suppositories
c. Powdered extracts-dry powders for making tablets & capsules

PHARM 200 Lecture Midterm (5 decks)

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