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Biochemistry > specalsied carbohydrates > Flashcards

specalsied carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is important about specialsed carbohydrates?

A

they are modified carbohydrates

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2
Q

what are 2 examples of specaslied carbohydrates?

A

glycosaminoglyvans and proteoglycans

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3
Q

what specialsed carbohydrates is part of glyoclopids and glycoproteins

A

oligosaccharides

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4
Q

what makes a modified carbohydrate a modified carbohydrate?

A

replacement of a hydroxl group of a monosaccharide with another group

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5
Q

what is a modifed carbohydrate also known as?

A

amino sugar

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6
Q

if a MC is based on a glucose what is it called?

A

acetylglucosamine

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7
Q

if a modified carbohydrate is based on galactose what is it called?

A

acetylgalactosamine

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8
Q

what is GlcNAc

A

acetlyglucosamine

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9
Q

what is GalNAc

A

acetlygalactosamine

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10
Q

what is saalic acid

A

-nine-carbon sugars
-found at the terminal end of sugar chains
-roles in cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion

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11
Q

summarise glycoasminglycans

A

unbranched heteropolysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units

for each unit , 1 monosaccharide is always GlcNAc or GalNAc

most cases the other monosaccharide is a uronic acid

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12
Q

what is urnoic acid?

A

Uronic acids are a class of sugar acids derived from monosaccharides

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13
Q

where is keratan sulphate found?

A

bone, cartlige

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14
Q

where is chondroitin sulphate

A

cartlidge, bone

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15
Q

where is dermatan sulphate found

A

skin, blodd vessels

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16
Q

where is hyaluronate found

A

ECM of loose connective tissue

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17
Q

where is heparin found?

A

liver

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18
Q

where is heparan sulphae found?

A

cell surfaces

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19
Q

summarise proteoglycans

A

consist of a core protein and long chains of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

-found in connective tissue

-GAG chains are composed of repeating disaccharide units and can be highly sulfated, making them negatively charged.

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20
Q

how are several carbohydrates linked?

A

linked together by O-glycosidic bonds

21
Q

how are several carbohydrates lined together (enzyme)

A

(glycosyltransferases

22
Q

what are the possible oligosaccharides on RBC surface?

A

3 possible oligosaccharides on RBC surface

23
Q

what common antigen does ABO blood groups share?

A

0 antigen

24
Q

why is A and B blood group different?

A

antigens differ in their additional monosaccharide

25
Q

what additional monosaccharide does group A have?

A

galNAc

26
Q

what additional monosaccharide does group b have?

A

Gal

27
Q

what link holds the addtional monosaachidres together?

A

linked by an α-1,3 link to the O antigen structure

28
Q

What does the A antigen have that the B antigen doesnt?

A

GalNAc

29
Q

what are the blood groups?

A

a, b, ab and o

30
Q

what happens in a non self blood group?

A

antibodies form against non self blood group?

31
Q

what can A give blood to?

A

AB

32
Q

what can AB give blood to?

A

none

33
Q

what can B give blood to?

A

AB

34
Q

what can O give blood to?

A

a, b ab

35
Q

what are some other examples of other glycolipids?

A

cerebroside
gangliosides

36
Q

what are the glycolipids with important roles in the nervous sytem?

A

cerebroside
ganglsioside

37
Q

what is cerebroside made from?

A

ceremide+ galactose

38
Q

what is ganglisodies made from>

A

ceremide+ oligosaccharide with 1+ sialic acid

39
Q

what do cell surface glycoproteins play a role in?

A

roles in cellular recognition and communication

40
Q

biosynthesis of glycosylated proteins

A

takes place in ER & Golgi complex

41
Q

what happens in the ER

A

n linked glycosylation happens

42
Q

what happens in the golgi?

A

in the Golgi-
N-linked glycosylation continues
O-linked glycosylation takes place

43
Q

glycosylated haemoglobin?

A

carbohydrate attached to globin chains

N-terminal αα (valine) of β-globin

44
Q

example of CHOs in food production?

A

pectin
carrageenan
alginate

45
Q

summarise pectin?

A

variable structure plant polysaccharides

gelling agents & thickeners

consist mainly of partially methylated poly-α-(1→4)-D-galacturonic acid residues

46
Q

summaruse carrageenan?

A

polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds

variable structure - 3 & 4 linked β-D-galactose & α-D-galactose units (agar is similar)
units are often sulphated

binder, thickening agent, prevents separation

47
Q

summarise alginate?

A

variable structure algal polysaccharides

thermally stable cold setting gelling agents (in presence of calcium ions)
linear unbranched polymers:β-(1 4)-D-mannuronic acid & α-(1 4)-L-guluronic acid

48
Q

what are alginate/

A

heteropolymeric & homopolymeric blocks

49
Q
A

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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