specalsied carbohydrates

Question 1

what is important about specialsed carbohydrates?

Answer 1

they are modified carbohydrates

Question 2

what are 2 examples of specaslied carbohydrates?

Answer 2

glycosaminoglyvans and proteoglycans

Question 3

what specialsed carbohydrates is part of glyoclopids and glycoproteins

Answer 3

oligosaccharides

Question 4

what makes a modified carbohydrate a modified carbohydrate?

Answer 4

replacement of a hydroxl group of a monosaccharide with another group

Question 5

what is a modifed carbohydrate also known as?

Answer 5

amino sugar

Question 6

if a MC is based on a glucose what is it called?

Answer 6

acetylglucosamine

Question 7

if a modified carbohydrate is based on galactose what is it called?

Answer 7

acetylgalactosamine

Question 8

what is GlcNAc

Answer 8

acetlyglucosamine

Question 9

what is GalNAc

Answer 9

acetlygalactosamine

Question 10

what is saalic acid

Answer 10

-nine-carbon sugars
-found at the terminal end of sugar chains
-roles in cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion

Question 11

summarise glycoasminglycans

Answer 11

unbranched heteropolysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units

for each unit , 1 monosaccharide is always GlcNAc or GalNAc

most cases the other monosaccharide is a uronic acid

Question 12

what is urnoic acid?

Answer 12

Uronic acids are a class of sugar acids derived from monosaccharides

Question 13

where is keratan sulphate found?

Answer 13

bone, cartlige

Question 14

where is chondroitin sulphate

Answer 14

cartlidge, bone

Question 15

where is dermatan sulphate found

Answer 15

skin, blodd vessels

Question 16

where is hyaluronate found

Answer 16

ECM of loose connective tissue

Question 17

where is heparin found?

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

where is heparan sulphae found?

Answer 18

cell surfaces

Question 19

summarise proteoglycans

Answer 19

consist of a core protein and long chains of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

-found in connective tissue

-GAG chains are composed of repeating disaccharide units and can be highly sulfated, making them negatively charged.

Question 20

how are several carbohydrates linked?

Answer 20

linked together by O-glycosidic bonds

Question 21

how are several carbohydrates lined together (enzyme)

Answer 21

(glycosyltransferases

Question 22

what are the possible oligosaccharides on RBC surface?

Answer 22

3 possible oligosaccharides on RBC surface

Question 23

what common antigen does ABO blood groups share?

Answer 23

0 antigen

Question 24

why is A and B blood group different?

Answer 24

antigens differ in their additional monosaccharide

Question 25

what additional monosaccharide does group A have?

Answer 25

galNAc

Question 26

what additional monosaccharide does group b have?

Answer 26

Gal

Question 27

what link holds the addtional monosaachidres together?

Answer 27

linked by an α-1,3 link to the O antigen structure

Question 28

What does the A antigen have that the B antigen doesnt?

Answer 28

GalNAc

Question 29

what are the blood groups?

Answer 29

a, b, ab and o

Question 30

what happens in a non self blood group?

Answer 30

antibodies form against non self blood group?

Question 31

what can A give blood to?

Answer 31

AB

Question 32

what can AB give blood to?

Answer 32

none

Question 33

what can B give blood to?

Answer 33

AB

Question 34

what can O give blood to?

Answer 34

a, b ab

Question 35

what are some other examples of other glycolipids?

Answer 35

cerebroside gangliosides

Question 36

what are the glycolipids with important roles in the nervous sytem?

Answer 36

cerebroside ganglsioside

Question 37

what is cerebroside made from?

Answer 37

ceremide+ galactose

Question 38

what is ganglisodies made from>

Answer 38

ceremide+ oligosaccharide with 1+ sialic acid

Question 39

what do cell surface glycoproteins play a role in?

Answer 39

roles in cellular recognition and communication

Question 40

biosynthesis of glycosylated proteins

Answer 40

takes place in ER & Golgi complex

Question 41

what happens in the ER

Answer 41

n linked glycosylation happens

Question 42

what happens in the golgi?

Answer 42

in the Golgi- N-linked glycosylation continues O-linked glycosylation takes place

Question 43

glycosylated haemoglobin?

Answer 43

carbohydrate attached to globin chains N-terminal αα (valine) of β-globin

Question 44

example of CHOs in food production?

Answer 44

pectin carrageenan alginate

Question 45

summarise pectin?

Answer 45

variable structure plant polysaccharides gelling agents & thickeners consist mainly of partially methylated poly-α-(1→4)-D-galacturonic acid residues

Question 46

summaruse carrageenan?

Answer 46

polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds variable structure - 3 & 4 linked β-D-galactose & α-D-galactose units (agar is similar) units are often sulphated binder, thickening agent, prevents separation

Question 47

summarise alginate?

Answer 47

variable structure algal polysaccharides thermally stable cold setting gelling agents (in presence of calcium ions) linear unbranched polymers:β-(1 4)-D-mannuronic acid & α-(1 4)-L-guluronic acid

Question 48

what are alginate/

Answer 48

heteropolymeric & homopolymeric blocks