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Biochemistry > lipids 1 > Flashcards

lipids 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe lipids?

A

they are all insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents

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2
Q

what are the functions of lipids?

A

structural components of membranes
energy reserves, mainly in the form of triacylglycerols
lipids and lipid derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones

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3
Q

what are the 7 types of lipids?

A

fatty acids
fats and oils (triacylglycerols)
phospholipids
glycolipids
prostaglandins
terpenes (a.k.a isoprenoids)
steroids

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4
Q

why are fatty acids important?

A

they are essential components of other lipids

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5
Q

describe fatty acids?

A

contain a long hydrocarbon chain (non-polar end) and a terminal carboxylic acid group (polar end)

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6
Q

numbering of the carbon in an fatty acids starts where?

A

carboxylic acid group end

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7
Q

at physiological pH the fatty acid is what?

A

the carboxyl groups of fatty acids are readily ionized
this makes fatty acids negatively charged (COO-)

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8
Q

how many carbons do most fatty acids contain?

A

12 to 20 carbon atoms

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9
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

contain no carbon-carbon double bonds

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10
Q

12:0 what does the 12 represent?

A

12 carbons and 0 double bonds

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11
Q

name another saturated fatty acid?

A

palmitic acid

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12
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

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13
Q

what us a monosaturated fatty acid?

A

fatty acids have 1 C=C bond,

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14
Q

what is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

fatty acids have 2 or more C=C bonds

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15
Q

where are cis double bonds found?

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

how are most fatty acids made?

A

precursor molecules in the body (non-essential fatty acids)

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17
Q

what are the 2 essetnail fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid
linolenic acid

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18
Q

can linolenic acid and and linolec be synthesized from precursors?

A

no

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19
Q

what can linoleic and linolenic aicds be found?

A

obtained in the diet found in fish, shellfish,etc

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20
Q

what are omega 3 fatty acids?

A

unsaturated fatty acids in which the double bond closest to the methyl (omega) carbon occurs at the third carbon in from that end

21
Q

what can omega 3 inhibit?

A

platelet aggregation
increase the ratio of high-density to low-density lipoproteins while lowering overall plasma lipid levels
they may inhibit some cancers

22
Q

what is shortest omega 3 fatty acid called?

A

linolenic

23
Q

what are omega 6 fatty acids?

A

unsaturated fatty acids in which the double bond closest to the methyl (omega) carbon occurs at the sixth carbon in from that end

24
Q

diets in which the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids is high has linked to what>

A

been linked to promotion of some cancers

25
Q

what is the shortest omega 6 fatty acid?

A

linoleic

26
Q

what does the chain length affect>

A

affects the melting point of fatty acids
the longer the fatty acid, the higher the melting point
shorter fatty acids are more fluid than longer ones

27
Q

how does saturatio effect a fatty acid?

A

affects the melting point
more saturated the fatty acid, the higher the melting point
an unsaturated fatty acid is more fluid than a saturated one of similar size

28
Q

longer chains that are more saturated are what?

A

likely to be solid at room temperature

they can pack more closely together to form a solid structure than shorter or unsaturated chains

29
Q

why are fats and oils essential?

A

fats carry essential vitamins = A D E and K

provide our most concentrated form of dietary energy

30
Q

why are fats and oil important?

A

They are the precursors from which we synthesize our own fat
They are the precursors from which we synthesize our own fat

31
Q

how is fat stored?

A

adipose tissue

32
Q

what is adipose tissue made from?

A

made up of specialised cells called adipocytes, which contain globules of stored lipid

33
Q

how are triacylglycerols formed?

A

3 fatty acids + 1 molecule of glycerol
link together to form
1 triacylglycerol molecule + 3 water molecules

34
Q

fats are

A

TAGs that are solid at RT

35
Q

oils are

A

TAGs that are liquid at RT

36
Q

TAGs found in animals tend to contain?

A

saturatedhydrocarbon chains (animal fats - like lard, butter)

37
Q

TAGs found in plants tend to contain

A

unsaturatedhydrocarbon chains (oils - like olive oil, palm oil)

38
Q

how can lipids be transported around the body?

A

as fatty acids, but are stored in adipocytes as TAGs

39
Q

how can TAGS be hydrogenated?

A

if they contain unsaturated fatty acids

40
Q

can tags be broken down to their glycerol and fatty acid components

A

boil with acid or alkali
- superheated steam
- lipases

41
Q

what is RANCIDITY

A

development of undesirable odors and flavors in fats and oils when they undergo oxidation.

42
Q

what is a soap?

A

soap is the combination of a fatty acid with a metal

43
Q

what is the most commaest soaps?

A

sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids

44
Q

how are soaps made?

A

made by the hydrolysis (saponification) of oils or fats

45
Q

what are the steps to produce soap?

A

heat oil or fat with dilute NaOH

when hydrolysis is complete, get rid of excess glycerol and alkali by boiling with large amounts of water

precipitate soap by the addition of NaCl

dry, add perfume, colour, etc

46
Q

how do soaps work?

A

soaps are amphiphilic molecules
they have an ionic polar end (hydrophilic)
and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain (lipophilic

because grime and dirt are often hydrophobic, they associate with the lipophilic ends of the soap molecules

47
Q

how do soap molecules arrange themselves when faced with dirt>

A

molecules arrange themselves into micelles & dirt is incorporated into the interior of these micelles

48
Q

what happens when the miccles are immersed in the dirt?

A

this means it is emulsified (solubilised) in aqueous solution) and thus can becleaned away

49
Q
A

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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