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LSTM Vector Population Biology > Spatial Repellency > Flashcards

Spatial Repellency Flashcards

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1
Q

What component of blood is essential for mosquito egg production?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

Name intrinsic factors for host preference.

A

Physiologic and learning

Genetics

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3
Q

Name extrinsic factors for host preference.

A

Odorants (most important); Sex; Defensive behaviour; Parasites and pathogens; Blood quality; Colour; Body heat; Humidity; Body mass; Climate

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4
Q

What odorants are factors for host preference?

A

Octenol, L-lactic acid, carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What experiments can be used to test for host preference?

A

Dual choice tests, traps, wind tunnels, experimental huts

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6
Q

Genetic factors influence of host preference.

A

The most important for determining host preference which is usually dominant. An example of this is the development of behavioural resistance in mosquito populations.

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7
Q

How may mosquito infection influence host preference?

A

A mosquito infected with parasites/pathogens of human or animal origin may experience behavioural changes, increasing bite number and therefore infection rate.

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8
Q

(Batista et al. Parasites and Vectors 2013) - finding

A

Malaria infected humans are more attractive to mosquitoes than non-infected individuals.

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9
Q

Define spatial repellency - (Guidelines for efficacy testing of spatial repellents. WHO, 2013)

A

A range of insect behaviours induced by airborne chemicals, resulting in reduction in human/vector contact and therefore provide personal protection.
Behaviours include: Movement away from a chemical stimulus; interference with host detection; feeding response.

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10
Q

Define spatial repellency - (Nolen et al., US Patent Office 2002)

A

An inhibiting compound dispensed into the atmosphere of a 3D space, inhibiting mosquito ability to locate and track a target such as humans or livestock.

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11
Q

How does a wind tunnel test host preference?

A

By testing mosquito responses to odour cues by releasing said cues in air streams and analysing vector response

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12
Q

How do experimental huts test host preference?

A

They create a natural host biting environment and analyse insect response to certain stimuli.

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13
Q

What are the order of chemical actions in an experimental hut test? (image on slide 11)

A
  1. Prevent the vector from entering (spatial repellency); 2. Cause escape response before biting (contact irritancy); 3. Kill upon contact before leaving (toxicity, LLIN); 4. Kill folowing a blood meal (delayed toxicity, rest wall); 5. No effect (boooo)
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14
Q

Spatial repellency tools.

A

Y-maze olfactometer; Modfied two-port Gouck olfactometer; Free - flight testing room; Semi - field repellent evaluation

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15
Q

Y-maze olfactometer

A

Insect released on right, stimulus influence where vector flies and how quickly. On the left arm are different repellents.

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16
Q

Free-flight room

A

A less artificial environment, observe where flies go depending on their stimulus

17
Q

Modified two-port Gouck olfactometer

A

Similar to Y-maze but can attach a mosquito cage. Mosquitoes are able to interact with one another before they make a decision to fly towards a source.

18
Q

Semi-field environments

A

A person is placed in a room with an intervention, and another in a room with a control. Mosquitoes are tracked to see whether they are more attracted to human in intervention or control room. Climate can be adjusted.

19
Q

Define attraction

A

For insects, something that causes insects to make oriented movements towards its source.

20
Q

Define inhibition

A

Activity inhibitors that cause a neutral reaction (neither attraction or repulsion) whereby an insect stops questing purposefully, but is not anaesthetised or narcotised

21
Q

Advantages of attraction/inhibition methods

A

To create protective spaces for people, and for the trapping of insects.

22
Q

Mosquito magnet

A

Emits a plume of CO2, heat and moisture to attract mosquitoes. Mainly used for monitoring. >£500, 10 kg

23
Q

Define insect repellent

A

A compound applied to surfaces, discouraging insects from climbing or landing on that surface. Generally divided by olfactory or irritation.

24
Q

Examples of irritant repellence (toxicity)

A

DDT, permethrin, lambdacyhalothrin

25
Q

Examples of olfactory repellents.

A

DEET, Icaridin, PMD, IR3535 (biopesticide), citronella, essential oils, VUAA1 (developed by Zwiebel and colleagues, 2011. It is a super-repellent(?): 1000x stronger than DEET)

26
Q

How does a ThermaCELL mosquito repellent work?

A

Butane-fuelled generator that heats a metal plate to volatilize cis or trans-allethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) from a impregnated paper

27
Q

Problems with DEET

A

Damages clothes, unpleasant odour

28
Q

DEET alternatives. Disadvantages

A

citronella, eucalyptus oils

more volatile and less effective

29
Q

DEET MoA

A

Little is known about mechanism, two hypotheses:

  • Odour repellent (Walter Leal and collaborators, PNAS, 2008 and 2014) receptor evolved from plant defences.
  • ‘Confusant’ that scrambles the insect odour code. (Vosshall and collaborators, Nature, 2011) Odour enters fluid around neurons
30
Q

What is ORCO in regards to olfactory reception?

A

A co-receptor which is stimulated by different odours through different signalling pathways

31
Q

Why do most odours require a OBP transporter?

A

Majority hydrophobic so don’t diffuse across liquid

32
Q

Three processes of olfactory reception.

A

Peri-recpetor process, reception, olfactory transduction

33
Q

1-methylpiperzine and and mosquito repellency

A

Renders humans ‘invisible’ to mosquito senses. On skin either from secretions or surface bacterial activity.

34
Q

Common insect repellent side effect (not for DEET)

A

Eye irritation.

35
Q

What compound is also known as ‘mushroom alcohol’?

A

1-octen-3-ol

Chemical in human sweat/breath thought to attract mosquitos. Used with CO2 in traps.

LSTM Vector Population Biology (10 decks)

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