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LSTM Vector Population Biology > Emerging vector borne diseases > Flashcards

Emerging vector borne diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 3 EGs of Tick-borne VBDs

A

1) Lyme
2) Tick-borne rickettsias
3) African swine fever

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2
Q

Give 2 EGs of mosquito-borne VBDs

A

1) Heartworm

2) west nile

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3
Q

EG of sandfly borne VBD

A

Canine leishmania

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4
Q

3 EGs of midge-borne VBDs

A

1) Bluetounge
2) Africa horse sickness
3) Schmallenberg

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5
Q

Define an emerging disease

A
  • a disease that has newly appeared in a population, or that existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
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6
Q

Define a vector-borne disease 3

A

1) A disease caused by a pathogen spread by an arthropod host
2) Not a disease with an intermediate host (eg snail)
3) Not a disease caused by the arthopod itself

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7
Q

Where, when and how many horses did the two african horse sickness epidemics cause?

A

1) western cape, 1854-55, killed 40% of entire horse population
2) middle east,1959-60,killed 300,000 equids

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8
Q

when, where and how many pigs did the two outbreaks of african swine fever cause?

A

1) cuba, 1971, 400 000 pigs diesd or slaughtered

2) cameroon, 1982, 80% of all swine destroyed

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9
Q

When, where and how many sheep di the two epidemics of bluetongue cause?

A

1) southern europe 1998-05, 1 mil

2) Northern europe, 2007, 200,000 cases on 60,000 farms

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10
Q

Rift valley fever -where, when how much $ lost?

A

Somalia, 1998-2002, export loss about $435 mil

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11
Q

screworm- libya, 1989-1991, eradication costs

A

libya, 1989-1991 about 66 mil

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12
Q

hard tick families

A

Ixodes, Rhipicephalus

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13
Q

Soft ticks

A

Argasidae

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14
Q

Describe Lyme disease

A
  • borreliosis
  • spirochaete, borrilia burgdorferi, spread by ixodes ricinus “sheep/deer tick”
  • disease of people, large animals, dogs
  • important emerging human disease causes: rash, flu,fatigue,joint pain,neuroborreliosis
  • not of major importance in dogs but can cause fever, lameness, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, lethagy and inappetance
  • in UK >1000 confirmed human cases pey year
  • prevalence of borrelia-infected ticks on UK dogs:481 per 100,000 dogs (0.5%)
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15
Q

Whatare the drivers of lyme disease emergence

A

-Spread of ticks to higher altitudes and latitudes (likely related to climate and landscape change (more deer?))

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16
Q

What is the most common vector for babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis?

A

Ixodes ricinus (sheep/deer tick)

17
Q

what does Dermacentor reticulatus spread

A

Ornate cow tick- now present in southern england

18
Q

what does Rhipicephalus snaguineus (brown dog tick) spread?

A

-babesia, ehrlichiosis anaplasmosis and rickettsia rickettsii
incersions into the UK infests some houses

19
Q

what is mediterranean spotted fever, spread by?

A

Rickettsia conorii spread by Rh. sanguineus, little clinical importance but high prevalence

20
Q

What is a driver of the emergence of hard tick borne diseases?

A

1) spread of ticks- probably related to climate
2) increased movement of animals( eg dogs)
3) changes in international regulations - dont have to treat dogs to cross border

21
Q

whats special about african swine fever

A

only dsDNA virus known in the group arboviridiae

22
Q

Describe african swine fever

A
  • Causes fatal haemorrhagic disease of pigs; infects boar and warthogs
  • spreads by aerosol, the bites of ornithodorus soft ticks or in feed
  • highly stable virus: survives 15 weeks in chilled meats; 6-9 months in cured meats; 15 years in frozen meats
  • no vaccine. outbreaks dealt with by culling and stamping out.
23
Q

describe african swine fever emergence

A
  • Endemic in africa
  • endemic in boar in sardinia with spill-over into domestic kids
  • spread to eastern europe
  • western europe at high risk
24
Q

Name a zoonotic disease transmitted by mosies and discribe

A

Heartworm, severe and potentially fatal for dogs and cats,Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens transmitted by mosquitoes, originated in USA but now global, including europe, usually sub-clinical or chronic infection for years., can infect humans

25
Q

Describe aedes albopictus

A
  • asian tiger mosquito
  • day-biting
  • eggs laid in water can survive desiccation
  • transported around world in used types and ‘lucky bamboo’
  • vector of dengue, chikungunya, dirofilaria (heartworm)
  • responsible for large apidemic of chikungunya in indian ocean islands and india
26
Q

describe aedes spread from southern europe

A
  • appears to have spread up the main motorway into france and germany
  • in netherlands but restricted to neherlands
27
Q

what are the vectors of canine heartworm

A 
about 70 species of Culicidae
including 
culex pipiens
aedes vexan
aedes albopictus
28
Q

Describe West nile virus

A

+ssRNA, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae (dengue, YF, JEV,TBEV)
2 lineages
Transmitted by culex mosquitoes
Birds are natural hosts
causes severe disease and death in horses
causes fatal neurological disease in humans

29
Q

West nile- history

A

First isolated in 1937 from west nile region of Uganda
Identified in birds in Egypt 1953
Israli strain entered the USA
which rapidly spread across the USA, killing birds, horses and people

30
Q

Name drivers of WNV in USA and europe

A

USA-competent vectors, naïve hosts

Europe- CLimate change?

31
Q

Vector of WNV

A

Culex pipiens pipiens

Culex pipiens molestus

32
Q

describe canine leishmaniasis

A

In Europe caused predominantly by kinetoplastid parasite leishmania infantum (rarely major, tropica)
transmitted by phlebotomus sandflies

33
Q

latin for biting midges

A

Culicoides

34
Q

What are the problems with biting midges

A 
-Economic damage
limit tourism and outdoor activity
severe allergic dermatitis in horses
-transmission of pathogens
53 viruses
12 spp of protozoa
18 spp of fil nematodes
35
Q

what are the two viruses in orbivirus: reoviridae

A

Bluetongue and African horse sickness

36
Q

Describe bluetongue

A

25 serotypes
causes severe disease in sheep mild in cattle
first discovered in 1904 spread acros asia Americas Australia europe

37
Q

describe African horse sickness virus

A

9 serotypes
causes severe disease in horses, mild in mules/ donkeys
first discovered in the 18th century in south africa

38
Q

Describe schmallenberg virus

A
  • clinical disease (milk drop in dairy cattle) first detected in late summer 2011 in Germany
  • crosses placenta and causes birth defects
  • transmitted by culicoides biting midges
  • spread incredibly fast across europe
39
Q

What are the drivers of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruss

A
  • Climate change, causing midges to spread, increasing there vector competence
  • global movements of animals/goods- bring viruses to Europe
  • virus evolution SBV is novel

LSTM Vector Population Biology (10 decks)

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