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Spanish - JB > Spanish Structures & More > Flashcards

Spanish Structures & More Flashcards

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1
Q

tener + que + infinitive

Structure #1

A

Have to do X

Tengo que hablar > I have to talk
Tienes que ir > You have to go

Structure #1

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2
Q

ir + a + infinitive

Structure #2

A

Going to X

  • Voy a hablar
  • Voy a tener que hablar

Structure #2

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3
Q

antes + de + inf
después + de + inf

Structures #3

A

Antes / Después + de + inf
*Before or after something happens

Structures #3

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4
Q

antes + de + que + subj
después + de + que + subj

Structures #4

A

Antes / Después + de + que + subj
*Before or after SOMEONE does something

Structures #4

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5
Q

podría + haber + ido/ado

ido/ado = past participle

Structure #5a

A

Someone could have done X

  • Podria haber sido mejor, si había hablado mas profundo

Structure #5a

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6
Q

debería + haber + ido/ado

Structure #5b

A

Someone should have done X
* Deberia haber hablado mas

Structure #5b

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7
Q

estar + ando/iendo
ir + ando/iendo
terminar + ando/iendo
venir + ando/iendo
andar + ando/iendo
llevar + ando/iendo
pasar + ando/iendo
hacer + ando/iendo
parar + ando/iendo
seguir/quedarse + ando/iendo

Structure #6a

A

estar + ando/iendo = doing X
ir + ando/iendo = make progress X’ing
terminar + ando/iendo = end up X’ing
venir + ando/iendo = history of X’ing
andar + ando/iendo = busy X’ing
llevar + ando/iendo= been doing X (carry time)
pasar + ando/iendo = spend time X’ing
hacer + ando/iendo = make someone X
parar + ando/iendo = stop X’ing
quedarse + ando/iendo = keep X’ing

Structure #6a

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8
Q

ejemplos
estar + ando/iendo
ir + ando/iendo
venir + ando/iendo
andar + ando/iendo
terminar + ando/iendo
pasar + ando/iendo
llevar + ando/iendo
seguir + ando/iendo

ando/iendo = present partiple

Structure #6b

A

Progressively doing X in the moment
* *Estoy pensando *en ir, porque tengo que ir ya que (since) voy a tener mucha que hacer.
* voy comiendo - make progress eating
* vengo deciendo eso desde que salimos - I have been saying this since we left
* ando comiendo - busy eating
* *termino comiendo *= I end up eating
* llevo comiendo = I’ve been eating (carry time)
* paso comiendo = spend time eating
* sigo comiendo = I’m still eating
* Siempre termina seindo un problema! - It always ends up being a problem!

also with: llevar, venir, ir, pasar, terminar, hacer, seguir, andar…

Structure #6b

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9
Q

es + adj + que + subj

Structure #7

A

Describes what someone does

  • Es bueno que estudies
  • Es importante que vayas estudiar porque teines que aprender.
  • Es importante que encuentres mas oportunicdades de viajar.

Structure #7

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10
Q

desire verb + que + subj

Structure #8

A

Person 1 wants person 2 to do X
Desire verbs:
necesitar, querer, esperar, desear, ojala, preferer, pedir

  • Quiero que duermas
  • Prefiero que sepas
  • Espero que tengas
  • Necesito que hagas

person or it

Structure #8

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11
Q

acabar + de + uv
terminar + de + uv
volver + a + uv

Structure #9

A

acabar + de + infinitive
* someone has just done X
* acabo de comer

terminar + de + infinitive
* someone has finished doing X
* termino de hablar

volver + a + infintive
* someone will do X again
* vuelvo a leer

Structure #9

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12
Q

estar + por + infinitive

estar + a punto de + infinitive

Structure #10

A

About to do X

Estamos por salir
* we are about to leave

Hay muchas personas que *estan por salir *
* There are many people that are about to leave

Estoy a punto de salir de una clase en San Diego.

Structure #10

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13
Q

changed verb + unchanged verb

Structure #11a

A

Desire an action
When person 1 wants something from person 2, but also himself.
Usually cv is desire verbs*:
* necesitar, querer, esperar, desear, ojala, preferer, pedir…

  • Quiero ir
  • Necesito venir
  • Puedo hacerlo

Structure #11a

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14
Q

article + noun + de + article + noun

Structure #12

A

Organizes people, places & things

  • El primero del mes
  • El rey del barrio
  • El capitan del barco

All verbs can function as nouns.
Every part of the structure is optional!
Any part can be the ‘starting point’.

Structure #12

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15
Q

Al + infinitive

Structure #13

A

Upon or when X

  • Al llegar de la casa, voy a tener que comer.
  • Al entrar, no crees que tengas que decir ‘Hola’.

Structure #13

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16
Q

estar + ido/ado
ser + ido/ado

terminar + ido/ado

ido/ado = past participle

Structure #14

A

To be done or Is done
* Es completado - is completed
* Va a ser terminado hoy - it is going to be finished today
* Espero que vaya a ser terminado pronto.
* Al ser completado, vamos a descansar.
* Esta siendo completado justo en este momento. - It is being completed at this very moment.

can also use terminar, venir, ir…

Structure #14

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17
Q

hay + que + infinitive

Structure #15

A

One must X, Is neccesary to to X

  • Hay que comer
  • Hay que estudiar español para aprender español.

Structure #15

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18
Q

cuando
donde
como
quien
lo que
+
sea + que + subjunctive

Structure #16

A

cuando sea que X - whenever
* Cuando sea que salgas - whenever you leave.

donde sea que X = wherever
* Donde sea que vayas - wherever you go.

como sea que X - however
* Come sea que seas - however you are.

quien sea que X = whoever
* A quien sea que le digas - to whom ever you tell

lo que sea que X - whatever
* Lo que sea que hagas - whatever you do

Structure #16

19
Q

que + tan + adj + ser

Structure #17

A

To what extent X is/was/will be

  • Que tan lejos es Madrid?
  • Que tan serio queires esto sea = How serious do you want this to be?

Que tan = Cual = How

Structure #17

20
Q

reflexive verb + adj (describing word)

Structure #18

A

Describes a state or condition someone is in, OR pretends to be in OR falls into.

  • verse - state someone/thing looks like they are in
  • quedarse - state someone falls into
  • hacerse - state someone pretends to be in
  • pararcese - state someone/thing seems to be in

Structure #18

21
Q

ser / estar + ido/ado

A

to be done, will be done

22
Q

tener / ser / haber +
amount + que + infinitive

Structure #20

A

Relates actions to amounts

  • Tengo mucho que hacer.
  • Tenemos demasiado libros que leer.
  • Hay muchas cosas con que soñas y muchas persones con que contar. - There are many things (with which) to dream and many people (con which) to rely/count on.

Structure #20

23
Q

puede + ser + que + subj

tal vez + subj
quizas + subj

porlo menos + subj

Structure #21

A

Could be, Maybe, Perhaps, at least
* Puede ser que vayamos - Maybe we will go. reply: peude que si o puede ser!
* Puede ser que tengas que volver a hacerlo! - Maybe you have to do it again!

  • Por lo menos - at least

Structure #21

24
Q

Command structure

Structure #22

A

Use the subjunctive for EVERYthing, excepts:

affirmative ‘tu’ uses the Tu present indicative, drop the ‘s’!

Structure #22

25
Q

Irregular Command Verbs

Imperative tense

Structure #22b

A

Saber (+ -) = sepa
Positive Commands:
* Ser = se
* Ir = Ve
* Tener = Ten
* Poner = Pon
* Salir = Sal
* Venir = Ven
* Hacer = Haz
* Decir = Di

aka Imperative tense

Structure #22b

26
Q

se + affected party +
changed verb

Structure #23

A

Used to talk about things that are unintentional, that happen to us, which make us the ‘victim’.

  • se rompío - it broke (itself)
  • se me rompío - it broke, all on it’s own, and i’m the victim
  • se me occurío - it occured to me… out of the blue, like magic

Structure #23

27
Q

Por + infinitive
Por + noun

Structure #24

A

Because of or Due to

  • Por amor voy a luchar - because of love I am going to fight!

Structure #24

28
Q

con tal que subj
de que subj
para cuando subj

Structure #25b

A

as long as X
as soon as X
by the time X

Structure #25b

29
Q

para + infinitive
para + noun
para + que + subj
para + cuando + subj

Struture #26

A

para + infinitive = in order to X
para + noun = for noun
para que + subj = so that X
para cuando + subj = by the time X

Struture #24

30
Q

así que, para que subj

ya que

A

so that

given that, since

31
Q

lo + adj (describing word)

Structure #19

A

The X thing

  • lo bueno = the good thing
  • lo interesante = the interesting thing
  • lo mismo = the same

Lo + adj + de + infinitive ???ask ???
* where verbs act like a noun
* Lo bueno es que te va a ayudar. - The good thing is that he is going to help you.

Structure #19

32
Q

person + toca + hacer

A

to have to do X
ej: nos toca hacer

tocar - to fall upon someone to do X

similar to tener que uv

33
Q

va + a + haber

A

There is going to be X

  • Va a haber una fiesta.
  • No creo que vaya a haber tiempo para hacerlo.
34
Q

el + uv + cv

Structure #11b

A

The act of X’ing
* El trabajar = working
* El viajar = traveling
* El bailar = dancing

Structure #11a

35
Q

Haber/Habiendo + ido/ado

A

Having done something, Since X

  • Habiendo hablado fuertemente = having spoken strongly.
  • Habiendo tenido que hacerlo. = having had to do it.
36
Q

Uses of the word
‘Que’ in Spanish

A

Who ——– That —— Enables subjuntivo
What ——- Than —– Enables mention of other person
Why ——– One ——- Clarifies actions v noun
How ——– May
Which —— Like
————— as / as far as
————— Because

37
Q

Imperfecto Subjunctive
Subjunctive Imperfect - Past Subjunctive Tense

A

Expresses:
It’s too late to change
Remorse, Regret

Use infinitive stem + SI endings:
+ara ——- Hablara ——|
+iera ——- Corriera
+aras —— Hablaras —-|
+ieras —— Corrieras
+ara ——- Hablara ——|
+iera ——- Corriera
+áramos - Habláramos | +iéremos - Corriéremos
+aráis —- Hablaráis —–|
+iereis —– Corriereis
+aran —– Hablaran —–|
+ieran —— Corrieran

38
Q

‘Could’ does not exist in the Past!
* ENG: X person should have done Y, so that they could do Z
* ESP: X person should have done Y, so that they would have been able to do Z
* ESP: X person should have done Y, so that they (also) would have done Z

A

EN: I should have finished, so that I could have made it to the party.
ES: Debería haber terminado para que hubiera podido llegar a la fiesta.
??? check this translation

EN: You should have spoken slower so that the people could have understood.
ES: Deberías haber hablado mas lento para que la gente hubiera podido entender.

hubiera podido - would have been able to

39
Q

There are 3 kinds of “it”
in the spanish language:

A
  1. The IT for which there is no word
  2. IT the doer of the action: tiene, ayuda, habla, come &raquo_space; it has, it helps, it speaks, it eats
    3.
40
Q

Bien vs Buen/o/a

A

Bien: adverb
Modifies a verb, other adverbs or adjectives
* Answers: How, to what extent
* Can mean ‘muy’
* ej: Hablas bien rapido - You speak very quickly.

Buen/o a: Adjective
Describes a noun
* Answers: What kind?
* buen vs bueno [both masculine]
* If before the noun - use buen
* if After the noun - use bueno

41
Q

Mal v Malo

A

Mal/o a: Adjective
Describes a noun
* Answers: What kind?

  • mal vs malo [both masculine]
  • If before the noun - use mal
  • if after the noun - use malo
42
Q

IR replaces estar in order to EMPHASIZE the progress one is making in doing X.

A

Example:
Vamos avanzando en el proyecto = We are making progress in the project. Aka it is moving forward

43
Q

Where verbs act as nouns

A

art + noun + de + art + noun
where a verb can act as a process or act
El trabajar - The art of working

The way he runs is interesting
» El correr de él es interesante.

44
Q

Opción 1:
el/la o los/las + más/menos + adj

Opción 2:
el/la o los/las + que + verbo + más/menos

El Superlativo

A

1: Ella es la más premiada.

2: Ella es la que gana más.

El Superlativo

Spanish - JB (12 decks)

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