Spain + the Armada Flashcards
1
Q
what were relations with England and Spain like by the 1580s?
A
they had reached a point of war
2
Q
what were relations with Spain and England like under the previous monarch: Mary Tudor?
A
they were allies
3
Q
what were 3 religious driven conflict points between England and Spain?
A
- phillip II saw protestantism as a threat to the authority of the Catholic church
- English protestants saw Spain and Catholicism as a threat
- Phillip II became involved in Catholic plots against Elizabeth
4
Q
what religion did many Dutch people choose
A
Protestantism
5
Q
who was the Spanish campaign to restore Catholicism in the Netherlands?
A
Duke of Alba
6
Q
what did Spanish Catholics do to Dutch protestants? following what council?
A
executed them following the council of troubles in 1568
7
Q
who was angered by Spain’s campaign to restore Catholicism in the Netherlands?
A
Elizabeth’s government in England as they now saw Spain as hostile and a direct threat to Protestantism and England itself
8
Q
Elizabeth’s government secretly helped the Dutch protestants resist the Spanish by:
A
- allowing Dutch rebel ships a safe passage in English ports
- provided financial support to those fighting the Spanish
- English privateers, such as Sir Francis Drake, were encouraged to attack Spanish colonies in Latin America
9
Q
who did Elizabeth to propose to marry and why?
A
the French heir- the Duke of Alencon to persuade him to fight Spain in the Netherlands
10
Q
what was the Spanish Fury?
A
the result of a lack of funds for Spanish troops in the Netherlands, causing Spanish troops to loot Antwerp
11
Q
what was the Pacification of Ghent and what did it mean for the Spanish?
A
after the Spanish fury, all 17 Dutch provinces joined an alliance against the Spanish which was drawn up in a document called the Pacification of Ghent.
it called on all Spanish troops to be expelled from the Netherlands
12
Q
who had restored Spanish control of the Netherlands by late 1584?
A
Duke of Parma
13
Q
which 2 of England’s allies were dead by late 1584
A
- Duke of Alencon
- William of Orange
14
Q
which treaty in 1584 strengthened relations between Catholic France and Spain?
A
Treaty of Joinville
15
Q
how was Spanish influence restored by late 1584? (4)
A
- Duke of Parma restored Spanish control of the Netherlands
- English allies Duke of Alencon and William of Orange were dead
- Treaty of Joinville to strengthen relations with Catholic France
- Dutch Catholics were ready to make peace with Spain, therefore strengthening Phillip II’s position
16
Q
why were England and Spain close to war by 1587? (3)
A
- Phillip II blamed English support of Dutch rebels for making the situation worse
- Phillip II blamed English privateers for attacks on Spanish shipping
- Elizabeth’s government blamed Spain for the series of plots against Elizabeth
17
Q
who were privateers?
A
sailors on privately owned warships who attacked Spanish shipping
18
Q
what was the commercial rivalry between Spain and England? (3)
A
- competed for access to the resources of the New world
-Spain had already conquered Mexico and Peru in the early 1500s, so they had access to much silver and gold that were regularly shipped back to Spain and controlled trade of sugar cane and tobacco
-English sailors, including Sir Francis Drake, were journeying far on trading voyages to different parts of the world
19
Q
Spain represented a major barrier to English trade because:
A
- Spanish control of Netherlands closed off a principal trade route for English traders, reducing the income and profits of English merchants
-Spain’s control over the new world denied English traders profit-making opportunities as all trade there had to be licensed by the Spanish Government
20
Q
who financed English merchants?
A
private investors, including Elizabeth herself
21
Q
how many pounds worth of Spanish Silver did Francis Drake capture in a Spanish raid in 1572?
A
£40,000
22
Q
how many pounds worth of Silver and Gold did Sir Francis Drake capture on a second expedition involving his circumnavigation of the globe, 1577-80?
A
£400,000
23
Q
who were Sea Beggars?
A
another name for Dutch rebels
24
Q
what did Elizabeth encourage Dutch rebels to do to the Spanish?
A
attack their ships that sailed between Spain and the Netherlands
25
what did Spain's loss of silver in 1580 mean for the Spanish government in the Netherlands?
they were bankrupt and could not afford to pay soldiers
26
why was Elizabeth knighting Drake significant? (2)
- demonstrated her defiance and hostility towards Spain's commercial interests in the new world
- showed her support of the financial losses of the Spanish government as a result of privateering
27
why did Phillip II turn to war after suffering the financial losses in the Netherlands?
wanted to get rid of Elizabeth and Drake so war was the only way to do so while protecting Spain's commercial interests
28
when did Elizabeth begin supporting Dutch rebels directly?
1585
29
when did England sign the treaty of nonsuch with the Dutch Protestant rebels?
August 1585
30
what was the treaty of Nonsuch?
it pledged England's military support and protection of the Dutch protestants
31
what were the terms of the treaty of Nonsuch?
England would pay for an army of 7,400 English soldiers led by Robert Dudley who would work with the rebel's government , the council of State, and it was likely they would fight the Spanish
32
when was the campaign in the Netherlands?
1585-88
33
what were the complications with the campaign in the Netherlands? (3)
- Elizabeth still hoped to negotiate with Phillip II as Leicester was not given enough resources to defeat Spain as they were not formally at war with England
- Some of Dudley's officers defected to the Spanish side, damaging relations with the Dutch
- Dudley wanted to make Netherlands an independent country whereas Elizabeth wanted to go back to previous Spanish control but with some more freedom
34
what were the results of the campaign in the Netherlands?
- Dudley could only disrupt Spanish forces in the Netherlands, not defeat them
- Dudley did manage to stop the Spanish from capturing a port, Ostend on the English Channel
35
how successful was the campaign in the Netherlands?
not very successful as it achieved very little
36
why was it important that Robert Dudley prevented Spain from capturing the port Ostend on the English Channel?
because it prevented the Spanish Armada linking up with the Duke of Parma's troops in 1588
37
what was the Spanish Armada?
Phillip's enormous invasion fleet that was due to help the Spanish army invade England
38
what was the 'singeing of the King of Spain's beard'?
March 1587- Elizabeth ordering Sir Francis Drake to attack the Spanish Navy and he then attacked Cadiz, a major port destroying 30 ships and many supplies
39
what port was attacked and how many ships were destroyed in the 'singeing of the King of Spain's beard'?
Cadiz- 30 ships
40
what was the significance of Drakes attacks on Cadiz and Spain? (2)
- Spain had to take a break from building the Armada in order to defend itself
- disruption Drake caused delayed the Armada by a year, buying England more time to prepare
41
why did Phillip launch the Spanish Armada?(4)
- Religious conflict
- Acts of provocation
- Politics and diplomacy
- Changing circumstances
42
how did Religious conflict contribute to the launch of the Spanish Armada? (3)
- Phillip had failed in plots to remove Elizabeth so the Armada gave him an opportunity to remove her and place a Catholic on the throne
- the papacy wanted to overthrow E since excommunication
- Pope promised forgiveness of sins to those who partook in the Armada
43
how did acts of provocation contribute to the launch of the Spanish Armada? (2)
- Drake's actions in the new world threatened Spanish commercial interests
- Elizabeth's support for Dutch rebels challenged Spanish interests there
44
how did changing circumstances contribute to the launch of the Spanish Armada? (3)
- Spain acquired Portugal in 1580 giving Phillip access to Portuguese ports and ships
- Duke of Parma's success in the Netherlands meant their position there was secure
- Elizabeth's hesitation to back Dutch rebels was a sign of weakness that encouraged attack
45
how did politics and diplomacy contribute to the launch of the Spanish Armada? (3)
- treaty of Joinville meant Spain could attack England without risking a war with France
- Treaty of Nonsuch meant English soldiers were at war with Spain, therefore justifying a Spanish attack on England
- England would be a useful addition to Phillip's empire as they would then have complete control of the Atlantic
46
what did Phillip II launch the Armada?
1588
47
what was Phillip II's strategy for the Armada? (3)
1. Phillip ordered the armada to sail to the Netherlands
2. Ships would then join forces with Spanish troops under the Duke of Parma and transport 27,000 troops to Kent
3. Spanish army would then attack London, end E's reign and establish a new Catholic government
48
what did the Armada consist of (ships and guns)?
130 ships and 2431 guns
49
what tactics were used by the Spanish in the Armada? (2)
- needed to control English channel to transport Parma's troops to England
- vital that the English Navy tried to disrupt Spanish shipping , as the Spanish army was larger and better so were likely to defeat them
50
why was the Armada such a threat to E? (2)
- E could lose her throne and possibly life
- Restoration of Catholicism and persecution of Protestants
51
timeline of what happened to the armada and the three battle that took place. 29th Jul- 8th Aug 1588 (4)
29th Jul- armada is spotted in the English Channel
31 Jul- Battle of Plymouth. 2 Spanish ships captured
3-4 Aug- Battle of the Isle of Wight, Spanish ships are outgunned by the English and forced up the English Channel toward Calais
8th August- Battle of Gravelines, fireships cause Spanish panic and the fleet never links up with Duke of P and is scattered
52
what was the outcome of the battle of Plymouth and when was it?
Jul 31st 1588- 2 Spanish ships captured
53
what was the outcome of the battle of the Isle of Wight and when was it?
Aug 3/4th 1588- Spanish ships were outgunned by English and forced to move toward Calais
54
what was the outcome of the battle of Gravelines and when was it?
Aug 8th 1588- Fireships cause Spanish ships to scatter and don't link up with the Duke of Parma
55
6 reasons why the Spanish Armada failed:
- communication problems between Duke of Parma and Duke of Medina Sidonia
- English ships were better armed and equipped
- the Spanish panicked
- English tactics were superior
- the weather
- Spanish ships lacked supplies
56
why did communication problems between Parma and Medina Sidonia cause the armada to fail?
There were no ports they could go in meaning the Armada could not stop but had to find a way to meet with the Duke of Parma's army at sea, so it was not easy to communicate this with them
57
why did lack of Spanish supplies on ships cause the Armada to fail?
The Spanish fleet was at sea for 10 weeks and by August the food had rotted which damaged Spanish morale and strength
58
why did English tactics cause the Armada to fail?(2)
- English got close enough to Spanish ships to fire on them but stayed far enough to prevent their soldiers from boarding which meant Spanish losses were far greater then English
-Drake's use of fireships at the battle of Gravelines caused a huge Spanish panic
59
what battle were fireships used in? who by?
by Drake at the battle of Gravelines
60
how did the weather cause the Armada to fail?
Gale force winds caused most of the destruction to Spanish ships as they retreated home
61
how did English ships being better equipped cause the Armada to fail?
English ships had cannons mounted on smaller gun carriages meaning they could be reloaded and fired faster, therefore damaging Spanish ships and prevent them linking up with Parma
62
why did Spanish panic cause the Armada to fail?
at the battle of Gravelines, fireships caused Spanish to cut anchors and their ships drifted and scattered
63
what were consequences of the English Victory (4)
- English navy strengthened
- Protestant cause stronger in England (believe God is on protestant sides)
- stronger alliances in Europe
- Elizabeth's authority enhanced
64
how did English victory allow the English navy to be strengthened?
- defeat of armada showed the strength of the English navy
- boosted English confidence to explore and encouraged English merchants to trade with Europe
65
how did english victory lead to a stronger protestant cause in england?
- suggested God was on protestant's side
and commemorative medal that said "God blew and they were scattered"
- persuaded Englishmen on the fence of Catholic or Protestant to pick P
66
how did the English victory strengthen alliances in Europe?
- Anglo Dutch alliance strengthened
- Protestantism in the Netherlands survived
67
how did the English victory enhance Elizabeth's authority?
- E took centre stage at a victory parade and portrayed herself as a military victor
- this strength was reflected in later portraits of her
68
what were the consequences of the English victory on Spain? (3)
- major military and financial setback for King Phillip II
- war between England and Spain continues
- Spanish prestige broken as other countries became more willing to challenge them leading to the gradual decline of the Spanish empire
