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Elizabethan England > England in 1558 > Flashcards

England in 1558 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Elizabethan government involve? (5)

A
  • the court
  • privy council
  • parliament
  • justice of peace
    -lord lieutenants
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2
Q

who was the court made up of and what did they do?

A

noblemen who acted as monarchs advisers + friends
displayed wealth and power

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3
Q

who were the privy council and what did they do?

A

members of nobility who helped govern the country
oversaw all of the other areas of the government, law and order and the security of the country

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4
Q

who were the justice of peace and what did they do?

A

large landowners appointed by gov.
kept law and order locally and heard court cases

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5
Q

who were the lord lieutenants and what did they do?

A

noblemen appointed by gov.
governed English counties and raised local militia

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6
Q

what is a militia?

A

force of ordinary people (as opposed to soldiers) raised in an emergency

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7
Q

what is extraordinary taxation?

A

extra taxes required to pay for unexpected expenses, especially war

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8
Q

when did Elizabeth I become Queen of England?

A

1558

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9
Q

what 2 groups was parliament made up of

A

made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons

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10
Q

who represented the House of Lords?

A

noblemen and bishops

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11
Q

how was who represented the House of Commons decided?

A

elected through a vote (not many people could vote though)

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12
Q

what was the role of parliament?

A

advise Elizabeth’s government
passed laws
approved taxes

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13
Q

how much power did Elizabeth possess versus the parliament?

A

did not have complete power-
could not pass laws or raise taxes without parliaments permission

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14
Q

what percentage of Elizabethan society lived in towns?

A

10%

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15
Q

what percentage of Elizabethan society lived in the countryside?

A

90%

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16
Q

what was the social hierarchy in the countryside in order from most to least important (6)

A

nobility
gentry
yeoman farmers
tenant farmers
landless and labouring poor
homeless and vagrants

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17
Q

what was the social hierarchy in the towns in order from most to least important (5)

A

merchants
professionals
business owners
craftsmen
unemployed

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18
Q

define nobility

A

major landowners, often lords, dukes and earls

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19
Q

define gentry

A

owner smaller estates than nobility

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20
Q

define yeoman farmers

A

owned a small amount of land

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21
Q

define tenant farmers

A

rented land from the yeoman farmers and gentry

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22
Q

define landless and labouring poor

A

did not work or own land and had to work to provide for themselves and their families

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23
Q

define homeless/ vagrants

A

moved from place to place looking for work

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24
Q

define merchants

A

traders who were very wealthy

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25
define professionals
lawyers/ doctors/ clergymen
26
define business owners
often highly skilled craftsmen (silversmiths/ carpenters/ tailors)
27
define craftsmen
skilled employees/ apprentices
28
define unemployed
no regular work and could not provide for themselves and family
29
what was the agreement between higher and lower classes?
low classes obey high classes and high classes care for low classes
30
what did a typical Elizabethan house hold look like?
husband was the head of house wife/ children/ servants expected to obey
31
how old was Elizabeth when she became queen? why was this relevant?
21 (young) meaning lack of experience
32
problems Elizabeth faced as queen (7)
lack of experience in need of support unmarried she was a protestant angered catholics legitimacy money
33
why was Elizabeth being unmarried a problem?
-did not follow usual christian traditions that women should follow male authority -people disapproved of a queen regnant (queen who actually ruled)
34
why was elizabeths legitamacy questioned?
-Henry VIII marriage to Anne boleyn (E's mum) was annulled -E removed from line of succession after Anne Boleyn was executed although Henry reversed this before he died
35
what religion was Elizabeth?
protestant
36
what does legitimacy mean?
whether a monarch is fully entitled to rule
37
why were catholics a threat?
they wanted a catholic monarch back as the last monarch (mary) was catholic and refused to acknowledge Elizabeth's right to rule
38
why did elizabeth not want to marry? (3)
-it would give all the power to her husband due to christian tradition -marring the wrong religion could cause issues -cause expensive wars
39
who was Elizabeth's first secretary of state?
Sir William Cecil
40
what are prerogative powers?
enable her to govern without parliaments consent (apart from laws)
41
how much money was England in debt when Elizabeth came into power?
£300,000
42
why was marriage important?
needed an heir as her vacant throne could lead to civil war
43
what was Elizabeth also known as due to her being unmarried?
the virgin queen
44
what were Elizabeth's strengths? (6)
confident and charismatic resilient well educated excellent grasp of politics divine right
45
How was Elizabeth charismatic (likable)?
she was able to easily win people over and command support in parliament
46
how did Elizabeth show resilience?
she had spent time in the Tower facing possible execution so she could cope with the pressures of being a queen
47
why did Elizabeth reinvent herself?
demonstrating that even though she was female, she was no ordinary woman and she therefore did not need to marry and could govern on her own
48
What was Elizabeth married to instead of a man?
England
49
how did propaganda portray Elizabeth (4)
strong legitimate popular married to England
50
what was the annual income versus debt?
£290,000 vs £300,000
51
how much of the debt was owed to foreign money lenders? at what interest rate?
£100,000 14% interest
52
why was the income from rent falling?
Mary Tudor had sold land to pay for wars with France
53
what could happen to Elizabeth's reign if she didnt have any money
she could lose her place on the throne
54
ways monarchs could raise money (5)
- rents and income from own lands - Taxes from trade - special addition taxes (subsides) but had to have parliament permission -profits of justice (fines etc.) -loans
55
pros and cons of raising taxes to boost England's income
P: queen could ask for subsides C: make her unpopular
56
what did Elizabeth ACTUALLY do to solve her financial problems?
- did not raise tax but hoarded her income and cut her household expenses by half -sold lands, raising £120,000
57
when did the Queen officially claim that England was out of debt?
1574
58
what were the effects of Elizabeth's financial policies?
landowners acting as JPs or Lord Lieutenants pocketed some of the proceeds before it was sent to Elizabeth meaning ordinary people faced a heavier financial burden, while the wealthy benefitted.
59
what was the French threat to Elizabeth? (3)
-wealthier than England with a bigger population -Mary QoS was married to the heir to the French throne -Mary has a strong claim to English throne and was catholic
60
what was Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots relationship?
cousins
61
what was the threat of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis? (2)
-England had lost Calais to France and pressure to regain it as it was their last piece of land from there -war with france would be expensive and dangerous
62
what was the threat of the Auld Alliance? (2)
-Frances alliance with Scotland threatened England because Mary of Guise (MQoS mother who ruled scotland on her behalf) kept french soldiers in scotland who could attack England -strong alliance due to Francis and Mary QoS marriage (who then became king in 1559)
63
why was was a threat to Elizabeth?
-very expensive and ruinous to debts
64
why was France ending its war with Spain a threat? (3)
- French military resources no longer used on Spain therefore increasing a chance of war with England -France + Spain were both catholic so could unite against England -Spain had troops in Netherlands not far from England
65
how did Elizabeth deal with threats from abroad (2)
- tried to avoid war by signing the Peace of Troyes which confirmed the French claim to Calais -Placed Mary QoS in custody in England
66
when did Mary QoS flee from Scotland?
1568
67
what was the Peace of Troyes and when was it signed?
agreement that France could have Calais, 1564
68
what was Elizabeths last significant threat by 1569
Spain

Elizabethan England (5 decks)

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