Plots + Revolts Flashcards
1
Q
Why did the Northern Earls rebel? (4)
A
- the earls and their followers wanted to make England catholic again
- they had lost a lot of their influence at court, disliked her new advisors
- uncertain about Elizabeth’s refusal to marry and no heir
- feared civil war and loss of power/wealth under a future protestant monarch
2
Q
what did the Northern Earls resent the most?
A
the appointment of James Pilkington, a protestant, as Bishop of Durham in 1561
3
Q
who were the rebels in the Revolt of NE
A
- Thomas + Ann Percy
- Charles + Jane Neville
- Thomas Howard
- Mary QoS
4
Q
when was the revolt of NE?
A
1569-70
5
Q
who was Thomas Percy?
A
Earl of Northumberland- major Catholic landowner (RNE)
6
Q
who was Charles Neville?
A
Earl of Westmorland- major catholic landowner (RNE)
7
Q
who was Thomas Howard?
A
Duke of Norfolk- a senior noble protestant with strong family links to Catholic families
Planned to marry Mary QoS
8
Q
what was the marriage plan for the Revolt NE?
A
Mary would Marry Duke of Norfolk and remove Elizabeth and become queen herself
9
Q
what did Mary tell the Spanish Ambassador in 1569 about her plan for the RNE?
A
- she would be queen of England in 3 months and a mass would be said all over the country
10
Q
how did the Duke of Norfolk’s part in the RNE fail?
A
Robert Dudley , Elizabeth’s advisor, told her about the plan and Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower
11
Q
what was the progress made in the RNE?
A
- Northumberland and Westmorland continued and took control of Durham Cathedral and celebrated mass and began to move south
12
Q
what did Elizabeth do to Mary during the RNE to make sure she couldn’t get to the rebels?
A
moved her prison to Coventry
13
Q
what place did the rebels capture
A
Hartlepool
14
Q
why did the RNE fail? (3)
A
- support from Spain never arrived
- Many Northern landowners remained loyal to Elizabeth
- Many landowners did not want to risk losing wealth gained from the dissolution of the monasteries by backing a failed revolt
15
Q
what was the RNE’s significance? (4)
A
- showed Mary QoS couldn’t be trusted
- Pope excommunicated Elizabeth and called on Catholics to depose her, encouraging Catholics to plot against her
- loyalty of Englands catholics was in doubt, forcing the government to take measurements against her
-Elizabeth’s control over the North of England was strengthed
16
Q
when was Elizabeth excommunicated?
A
1570
17
Q
when was the Ridolfi Plot?
A
1571
18
Q
the failure of what 2 events led to Elizabeth and her Privy Council being suspicious of Catholics?
A
the Papal Bull and the Revolt of Northern Earls
19
Q
what was the papal bull?
A
it was the document from the Pope that got Elizabeth excommunicated and encouraged English people, especially Catholics, to disobey her
20
Q
what is the background of the Ridolfi plot?
A
Earl of Huntington, a Protestant, implemented laws against Catholics in the north as the leaser of the council in the north. This angered Catholics and they began to plot against Elizabeth
21
Q
who was the leader of the council in the North in 1571? (RP)
A
Earl of Huntington
22
Q
who was Roberto Ridolfi?
A
an Italian banker who lived in England and worked as a spy for the pope
23
Q
what was Ridolfi’s plan against Elizabeth?
A
murder her, invade Spain and put Mary QoS on the throne- she would then marry the Duke of Norfolk
24
Q
where did Ridolfi go to discuss the plot with the pope, Duke of Alba and Phillip II and when?
A
Netherlands- March 1571
25
who had control of the Netherlands during this time period?
Spain
26
who did Ridolfi go to the Netherlands to discuss the plot with?
Pope, Duke of Alba, Phillip II
27
what did Ridolfi bring to the meeting in the Netherlands?
a letter signed by the Duke of Norfolk declared that he was a Catholic and pledged to lead the rebellion with Phillip II's support
28
what did Phillip tell the Duke of Alba to do after the meeting in the Netherlands? (RP)
prepare 10,000 troops to send across the English channel in support of the revolt
29
how many troops were prepared to be sent across the English channel by the Duke of Alba? (RP)
10,000
30
who discovered the Ridolfi plot and what was the outcome of this?
William Cecil discovered the plot and was able to prove later that Norfolk was guilty of high treason- Ridolfi never returned to England again and both Mary QoS and Norfolk were demanded to be executed (Norfolk was executed soon after but E was reluctant to punish Mary)
31
why was Elizabeth hesitant to sign Mary's death warranty or even remove her from the line of succession? (RP)
did not want to further anger Catholics and possibly unite France and Spain against her
32
when was Norfolk executed? (RP)
June 1572
33
what was the significance of the Ridolfi plot? (4)
- threat from Spain meant England needed to improve relations with France
- reinforced Spanish threat further
-confirmed Catholic + Mary threat
-gov monitor Catholics more closely and treat them more severely- 2 laws passed meant families could be fined for sheltering Priests and charged with treason if they converted people to Catholics
34
what did the 2 laws passed after the Ridolfi plot mean for Catholics? when were they passed?
1. families could be fined for sheltering a priest
2. charged with treason if they converted people to Catholicism
- passed in 1581
35
what was the Throckmorton Plot?
French Duke of Guise plotted to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth, free Mary and make England Catholic again
36
who passed letters between Mary and the plotters? (TP)
Francis Throckmorton, a young Englishman
37
what was Phillip II's role in the Throckmorton plot?
offered to help pay for the revolt
38
did the Pope approve of the Throckmorton plot?
yes he approved of the conspiracy
39
how did the Throckmorton plot fail?
Sir Francis Walsingham (E's secretary of state) discovered the plot and his spies discovered papers at Throckmorton's house that revealed his part in the conspiracy
40
what was Throckmorton's ending like?
once discovered by Walsingham's spies, he was arrested and tortured- once confessed, he was executed in May 1584
41
when did Walsingham discover the Throckmorton plot?
May 1583
42
when did Walsingham's spies find papers in Throckmorton's house connecting him to the plot?
November 1583
43
when was Throckmorton executed?
May 1584
44
what was the significance of the Throckmorton plot? (4)
- revealed the extent of Catholic threat
- Throckmorton's papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers
- showed potential threat from France and Spain and that they had to be taken care of
- Gov treated Catholics with greater suspicion, 11,000 were imprisoned or monitored/house arrested and many fled and sheltering a priest became punishable by death
45
how many Catholics were arrested/under surveillance/house arrest after the TP?
11,000
46
what did the act of parliament passed in 1585 state about catholic preists?
anyone found sheltering a catholic priest could be punished by death
47
when was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583
48
when was the Babington Plot?
1586
49
what was the plan for the Babington plot?
the Duke of Guise would invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne
50
which 2 key figures supported the Babington Plot?
Phillip II and the Pope
51
who was Anthony Babington and what did he do?
a Catholic who wrote to Mary July 1586 about the conspiracy against Elizabeth
52
who discovered the Babington plot?
Sir Francis Walsingham intercepted and read the letters from Babington to Mary and saw proof of how Mary was involved in this plot
53
what happened to Babington and the plotters after they were discovered?
they were hanged, drawn and quartered
54
when was Mary sentenced to death? after which plot?
after the Babington plot- October 1586
55
Mary was sentenced in Oct 1586, when did Elizabeth actually sign her death warrant?
Feb 1587
56
how did Mary die?
she was beheaded
57
why was the babington plot significant? (4)
- Elizabeth's situation was now more unstable than with other plots
- by 1585, Spain and England were virtually at war
- government became determined to crush the Catholic threat
-31 priests were executed in 1586
-lead to the execution of Mary QoS
58
how many priests were executed in 1586 after the BP
31
59
why was Sir Francis Walsingham important? (3)
- his work provided evidence that took down the Throckmorton and Babington plots
- his intelligence unmasked Mary's involvement in the plots and led to her execution
- his actions deterred further plots against Elizabeth
60
where were Walsingham's spies located?
in every town
61
what were the three different kinds of agent Walsingham used?
- paid and trained by government
- paid informants who were likely to know who would be a potential plotter (e.g. John Hart a Catholic Priest)
- agents abroad (France/Germany/Spain/Italy/North Africa)
62
what was Sir Francis Walsingham to Elizabeth?
Secretary of state and Spymaster
63
how did Walsingham use ciphers? (2)
- decoding the ciphers of those who had plotted against Elizabeth and hired specialists such as Thomas Phelippes
- for all communication with his team
64
How did Walsingham use torture and execution? (3)
- some priests were tortured to give up info and deter others
- used the threat of execution to gain informants he could use against other plotters
- only used it in serious cases as he didn't want people to sympathise with plotters
65
how many priests and how many of their supporters were put to death under Walsingham?
130 priests and 60 supporters
66
what were 'agents provocateurs'?
employed by Walsingham to encourage those who were seen as a threat to Elizabeth to plot against her, this way their arrest or execution could be justified
67
give an example of where agents provocateurs were used?
Gilbert Gifford was used to open communications between Mary and the Babington plotters which encouraged Mary to involve herself in the plot, therefore leading to her justified execution
68
what were the reasons for Mary QoS's execution? (3)
- involved in a series of plots against Elizabeth and Walsingham + spies had produced evidence
- Spanish threat and Mary's communication and involvement with Spain
- remained a rallying point for Catholics whilst alive and Catholics did not like Elizabeth, especially after her excommunication
69
what act was Mary convicted under?
the Act for Preservation of the Queen's safety
70
why was Mary's execution significant? (4)
- this could be a threat to Elizabeth and her heirs in the future as she was executing an anointed monarch
- gave Spain a further reason for attack as Mary left her claim to the throne for Phillip II
- made succession (who the next heir was) more uncertain and increased chances of a civil war on Elizabeth's death
-removed an important threat to Elizabeth
71
who did Mary leave her claim the the english throne to when she died?
Phillip II
72
when + where was Mary executed?
8th Feb 1587- Fotheringhay Castle
