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Religious Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

why was religion important in Elizabethan England? (3)

A

-central to life in england (teachings/ceremonies/festivals)
-people believed that going to chuch and confessing sins reduced your time in purgatory
-agricultural festivals were seen as essential to a good harvest

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2
Q

where were most protestants found?

A

northern europe (Netherlands/Scandinavia/Germany)

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3
Q

who were puritans?

A

extreme protestants who wanted to purify the Christian religion by getting rid of anything not in the bible

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4
Q

why were there suddenly a growing number of protestants in England in the 1530s?

A

they were fleeing persecution in Europe

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5
Q

what is persecution?

A

hostility and ill-treatment based on beliefs

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6
Q

which part of England were the most Catholic?

A

Northern England- Durham, Yorkshire, Lancashire

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7
Q

what was the reformation?

A

started when Henry VIII broke from the church and sparked protestant beliefs

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8
Q

features of the catholic church (5)

A

-pope is head
-church is how you speak to god
-services in Latin
-vestments and decoration
-priests cannot marry (celibate)

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9
Q

features of the protestant church (5)

A

-no head of church
-your relationship with god is direct
-priests can marry
-services in English
-churches plain and simple vestments

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10
Q

what was the aim of the religious settlement?

A

establish a form of religion that would be acceptable to all

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11
Q

what was the act of supremacy?

A

Elizabeth became Supreme Governor of the church and had all clergy and royal officials swear an oath of allegiance to her

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12
Q

what was established to keep discipline within the church?

A

the Ecclesiastical High Commission

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13
Q

what was the Ecclesiastical High Commission?

A

a special court that dealt with religious issues

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14
Q

why was the Ecclesiastical High Commission created?

A

to keep discipline within the church and enforce Elizabeth’s religious settlement- disloyal clergy could be punished

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15
Q

what was the book of common prayer?

A

it introduced a set church service to be used in churches that the clergy had to follow word for word or be punished

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16
Q

when was the book of common prayer introduced?

A

1559

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17
Q

what does ecclesiastical mean?

A

anything to do with the church

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18
Q

What were Royal Injunctions?

A

-set of instructions to the clergy that reinforced the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity
-included instructions on how to worship God and how religious services should be conducted

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19
Q

what was the act of Uniformity?

A

dictated the appearance of churches and how religious services were to be held- required everyone to attend church.

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20
Q

features of the religious settlement (5)

A

-Act of Uniformity
-Act of Supremacy
-Royal Injunctions
-Book of Common Prayer
-Ecclesiastical High Commission

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21
Q

what were the impacts of the Religious Settlement? (3)

A
  • 8000/10,000 clergy accepted it
    -Many Marian bishops (appointed by Mary Tudor) opposed the settlement and were replaced
    -majority of people accepted it and attended services, even though many held on to Catholic beliefs
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22
Q

how many clergy accepted the religious settlement?

A

8000

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23
Q

what were the conditions of the Royal Injunctions? (6)

A

all Clergy were required to:
- teach royal supremacy
- report those who refused to attend services to Privy Council, they were fined a weeks wages
- keep a copy of the bible in English
- have a government license to preach
- prevent pilgrimages/shrines/monuments to “fake” miracles
- wear vestments

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24
Q

who are the clergy?

A

people who work for a religious organisation

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25
examples of how the Book of Common Prayer was worded for interpretation of 2 different religions (2)
- Communion Sacrament referred to the Book of Common Prayer could be interpreted as the body and blood of Jesus for the Catholics and an act of remembrance for the Protestants -ban on pilgrimages to "fake" miracles for protestants, possibility of a real miracle for Catholics
26
what would please Catholics in church services?
use of Vestments, crosses and candles
27
what were the roles of the Church of England in society? (6)
- preached government's message - Enforced religious settlement - legitimised Elizabeth's rule - visitations - Responsible for Church Courts - Provided guidance for communities
28
how did the Church of England legitimise Elizabeth's rule?
encouraged people to remain loyal and not to rebel against the monarch
29
features of visitations from the Church of England (3)
- bishops carried out inspections of churches and clergy to ensure they obeyed the settlement - took place every 3-4 years -checking licenses of physicians, midwifes and surgeons
30
what did church courts deal with?
dealt with marriage, sexual offences, slander, wills and inheritance
31
how did the Church of England provide guidance for communities?
- the parish church helped people in times of hardship and uncertainty
32
how did the Church of England preach the government's message?
priests needed a government 's licence to preach which ensured the clergy preached Elizabeth's religious and political message- if they refused they were denied a licence
33
what is a parish?
local community or area that is served by the church
34
who was the major figure in a parish and what did he do?
the clergyman- conducted church services including baptisms, weddings and funerals
35
what sort of advice did the clergy offer and when?
spiritual and practical advice and guidance- in difficult times (such as a bad harvest)
36
what were the clergy funded by?
- taxes or tithes (tax worth 10% of income) - sale of church pews - gentry
37
how did the role of parish clergy differ from towns to villages? (2)
- parish churches in town contained a much wider collection of people and a wider range of religious beliefs - wider range of issues in towns due to overcrowding
38
what were some issues faced due to overcrowding? (4)
poverty, vagrancy, smallpox, plague
39
what was a tithe?
a tax worth 10% of people's income/ goods produced
40
what was the initial reaction of Puritans to the religious settlement?
to challenge it
41
who were Puritans?
radical protestants who wanted to 'purify' the Christian religion b getting rid of anything that wasn't in the bible
42
what did Puritans want? (3)
- develop their own church not run by the Queen, and no bishops - make the world a more 'godly' place by banning sinful activities (gambling, cock fighting) - simpler style of worship, no idols
43
what did a minority of Puritans believe about the monarch?
they could be overthrown in certain circumstances, especially if they were Catholic
44
what did Puritans believe about the Pope?
he was anti-Christ
45
what did millenarian Puritans believe?
the world was ending and Christians had to prepare for Jesus' return
46
what did Puritans thing about vestments?
they didn't like them and they were too Catholic.
47
what did puritans do to oppose crucifixes being placed in each church and what was the outcome'?
Puritan bishops threatened to resign- Elizabeth backed down as she could nit replace them with clergy of similar ability
48
what did Puritans do to oppose vestments and what was the outcome?
Puritans argued clergy should either wear simple vestments or no vestments- 37 Puritan priests lost their posts because they refused to attend church and wear clothing required
49
name three Puritans who were openly and verbally anti-Catholic
John Foxe, Thomas Cartwright and John Field
50
what was the Puritans support like and how do we know?
Limited- the government ignored their demands, such as the Admonition to Parliament in 1572 and they had not a lot of impact on the north of England
51
what was the counter reformation?
The Catholic's attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation in Europe
52
what did catholics charge protestants with?
heresy
53
what is heresy?
involved denying the teachings of the Catholic church- you may be executed for being a heretic
54
what does the pope tell Catholics to do which causes a problem? what does this lead to?
tells Catholics not to attend Church of England services- leads to the revolt of Northern Earls
55
what amount of people are recusants?
1/3 of nobility and most gentry
56
what is a recusant?
practiced the Catholic religion in secret
57
how did Elizabeth initially treat recusants and why?
initially she tolerated them because she didn't want them to turn into martyrs and die for their religion and to avoid a catholic rebellion
58
what was the threat of Catholic nobility?
- from traditional and powerful families that prospered under Mary Tudor, they resented their loss of influence under Elizabeth and disliked the influence of her favourites - influential and enjoyed independence from the crown so could easily start a rebellion
59
who were Elizabeth's favourites? (3)
William Cecil, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
60
what was the Religion of most of Europe's most powerful leaders?
Catholic
61
what was the main threat of other European leaders?
they could seek to remove her from the throne and replace her with a Catholic monarch
62
when did religious war begin in France?
1562
63
why did Elizabeth back French Protestants during Frances religious war? why did this fail?
in hope that she could take back Calais and this failed because French protestants and Catholics made peace after
64
what did the pope do to Elizabeth in 1570
excommunicated her
65
when did the Dutch rebel against Spain?
1566
66
why was Elizabeth put under pressure from the Dutch revolt?
she had to shelter rebels who attacked Spanish ships in the Channel because they came to England and were Protestants
67
what was the Genoese loan and why did this situation make Spain angry?
Italian city of Genoa sent gold to the Spanish government but the Elizabeth seized it when they sheltered in English ports
68
what year was the Genoese loan sent?
1568
69
why did the privy council fear a Spanish invasion after 1570
Spain now had secure rule over the Netherlands and Spanish troops were there- now closer to England
70
who's presence encouraged the spanish to plot against elizabeth?
Mary, Queen of Scots
71
what was the centre of many plots against Elizabeth?
Mary QoS and her legitimate claim to the throne
72
What was Mary QoS's claim to the throne? (3)
- Henry VIII's granddaughter and a descendant of his sister Margaret Tudor - legitimate claim to throne and was catholic - Married to French king Francis II and inherited the Scottish crown at only 6 days old
73
what was Mary QoS's relationship to Henry VIII?
his granddaughter
74
who was Mary QoS's mother?
Mary of Guise
75
who was Mary QoS's first husband?
Francis II of France
76
why was Mary important?
- Catholic so catholics would support her claim to the throne - claim strengthened by the fact there was no question in her legitimacy
77
when did Francis II die?
1570
78
who did Mary marry after Francis died?
Lord Darnley
79
who was the heir produced between Mary and Lord Darnley?
James
80
who was mary's third husband?
Earl of Bothwell
81
what was assumed by scots about mary and darnley?
she murdered him
82
when did protestant scottish lords rebel against Mary and what did they do?
in 1568, they rebelled and imprisoned her, forcing her to abdicate (give up throne)
83
what did Mary do once she escaped imprisonment in Scotland? where did this fail?
she raised an army but they were defeated near Glasgow
84
what did Mary do after her army were defeated?
fled to England to seek Elizabeth's help
85
how was Mary held in England?
under guard while Elizabeth figured out what to do
86
why was Mary's arrival in England a problem for Elizabeth?
- she could encourage rebellion from catholics - taking action against Mary would reduce her power, status and authority
87
which years were Elizabeth concerned about Mary in?
1568-69
88
what were Elizabeth's 4 options on what to do with Mary?
1. help Mary regain her throne 2. hand Mary over to Scots 3. allow Mary to go abroad 4. Keep Mary in England
89
what were the potential problems with helping Mary regain her throne?
- anger the Scottish nobility and leave Elizabeth facing a Catholic monarch - alud alliance with france could then be revived and used against her
90
what were potential problems with handing mary over to the scottish?
- Mary was the widow of the francis II so her execution with Elizabeth's permission could provoke France to form an alliance with spain and lead them all into war
91
what were the potential problems with allowing mary to go abroad?
- if she returns to france, this could provoke a french plot to remove elizabeth and replace her with mary
92
what were the potential problems with keeping Mary in England?
- best option but catholic plotters may try to overthrow elizabeth and replace her with Mary
93
what was the casket letters affair?
the discovery of controversial letters that allegedly linked Mary, Queen of Scots, to the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley
94
who brought the letter to Elizabeth at the casket letters affair?
scottish lords
95
when did the casket letters affair take place?
1568
96
what was the benefits of the casket letters affair for Elizabeth
gave her a valid reason to keep Mary prisoner
97
what did Elizabeth ensure by not handing Mary over to scots? (3)
- scottish nobility would not imprison or execute mary - french would be satisfied - her subjects did not punish an anointed monarch
98
what conclusion did the conference in York come to about the case against Mary, whereby the casket letters affair took place?
no conclusion and Mary stayed captive in England
99
why did Elizabeth not make Mary her heir?
would anger protestants and privy council and then would have few supporters left- this could result in a civil war

Elizabethan England (5 decks)

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