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space Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an equinox?

A

the time or date (twice each year), when day and night are of approximately equal length (about September 22 and March 20).

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2
Q

whats a solstice?

A

the time or date (twice each year) at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days (about June 21 and December 22).

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3
Q

what is a geocentric model of our solar system?

A

the earth is in the centre of the solar system

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4
Q

Whats a heliocentric model of our solar system?

A

The sun is the centre of the solar system

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5
Q

Whats a light year?

A

the amount light travels in a year

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6
Q

define astronomical units (AU)

A

a measure of distance used to describe the position of planets relative to the sun; 1 AU is equal to the average distance from the centre of earth to the centre of the sun.

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7
Q

What were the early tools used to study and predict celestial motion?

A

Quadrants, astrolabes, cross-staffs and the early telescope.

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8
Q

What does the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram compare?

A

the absolute magnitude and luminosity versus surface temperature or stellar classification

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9
Q

Name the stages of a massive stars life in order?

A

nebula, massive stars, red supergiant, supernova then either a neutron star or a black hole.

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10
Q

Name the stages of a sun-like stars life?

A

nebula, sun-like star, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf

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11
Q

what’s the difference between meteors, meteoroids and meteorites?

A

a meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space, a meteor is a small body of matter from outer space that has entered earths atmosphere, a meteorite is a meteor that hits earths surface.

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12
Q

whats a comet?

A

a celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun.

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13
Q

Whats an asteroid?

A

a small rocky body orbiting the sun. Large numbers of these, ranging in size from nearly 600 miles (1,000 km) across (Ceres) to dust particles. lots found is the asteroid belt in between Mars and Jupiter

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14
Q

what is azimuth?

A

the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects the horizon

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15
Q

what is altitude?

A

the apparent height of a celestial object above the horizon, measured as an angle up to 90 degrees

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16
Q

What is zenith?

A

the point in the sky or celestial sphere directly above an observer.

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17
Q

what did the Chinese build as a first attempt at rocketry

A

Chinese experiment with gunpowder and made rocket propelled arrows to be used in battle.

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18
Q

What physics law applies to rocketry

A

Newton’s 3rd Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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19
Q

What are the environmental challenges when working in space?

A

1.Space is a vacuum
2.No food, no water, no air!
3.Extreme temperatures
4.Cosmic radiation
5.Risk of being struck by meteoroids
6.No atmospheric pressure to regulate heart rates

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20
Q

What are the psychological challenges when working in space

A

Close, confined quarters for long periods of time.

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21
Q

What are the effects of micro gravity on the body?

A

bones expand, muscles atrophy (weaken) and heart rate is affected.

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22
Q

how is oxygen produced on the ISS

A

Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
The hydrogen is vented into space.
The oxygen produced can supply most of the crews needs.

23
Q

whats a Geosynchronous Orbit

A

when the satellite moves at the same rate as earth, it’s always positioned over the same location.

24
Q

Whats a low earth orbit?

A

00 – 1000 Km in altitude
Usually used for remote sensing (taking images to make observations of the Earth)

25
Q

What does GPS mean?

A

Global position system

26
Q

How many satellites does GPS use?

A

Global Positioning System
24 global positioning satellites orbit the Earth which means that at least 3 are above any given location on our planet at any given moment.

27
Q

how does gps work?

A

Radio signals from the satellites are picked up by GPS units and the users location is triangulated.

28
Q

what is it called when we use technology that was originally designed for space?

A

space age materials

29
Q

what is interferometry

A

Using a combination of telescopes together to obtain more detailed images of distant objects

30
Q

what are reflecting telescopes?

A

Reflecting Telescopes:
Use concave mirrors
One of the largest reflecting mirrors in the world is in Russia and has a diameter of 6m.
Segmented mirrors are used to make even more powerful reflecting telescopes.

31
Q

What is the hubble?

A

A reflecting telescope orbiting 600 Km above the Earth.
13m in length and 4.4m in diameter
1 trip around the Earth takes 95 min.
HST has discovered many galaxies not visible from Earth.
New discoveries are constantly being made.

32
Q

what types of energy do cosmic bodies emit that we can analyse?

A

electromagnetic energy

33
Q

what do radio telescopes do?

A

Radio telescopes gather radio waves from distant stars, nebula, galaxies, and planets.
Radio waves are not affected by weather
They are not distorted by time of day, clouds, pollution, or the atmosphere.
They can detect information not detected by optical telescopes

34
Q

what are refracting telescopes?

A

Refracting telescopes:
Use 2 lenses
Limited to 1m diameter

35
Q

what is the advantage of radio interferometry?

A

Multiple radio telescopes combined for greater resolving power.
The greater the distance between telescopes the greater the accuracy.
The more telescopes used, the greater the accuracy.

36
Q

what is triangulation?

A

Triangulation
By measuring the angles between a baseline and the target object (such as a tree or tower) you can determine the distance to that object.
You must know the length of one side of the triangle (baseline) and the measures of the two angles at each end of the baseline.
See P. 447

37
Q

whats parallax?

A

the apparent shift in position of an object when the object is viewed from two different places.
Astronomers use a star’s apparent shift in position relative to the background stars to determine what angles to use when triangulating the stars distance from Earth.

38
Q

Define the Doppler effect

A

The Doppler Effect
Sound and light waves become compressed in front of a moving object and stretched behind it.
This makes the pitch higher and object brighter as the object moves towards you and lower and dimmer as it moves away from you. when the star is moving away from earth the lines will shift red, when the star is moving closer the lines will shift blue

39
Q

what challenges do astronauts face living in the ISS

A

equipment malfunction, floating debris, meteoroids, space junk, and harmful radiation

40
Q

What are pros of space exploration?

A

-Finding and mining expensive resources
-bringing nations together
-space age technology
-learning about the universe
-scientific discoveries

41
Q

what are some cons of space exploration?

A

-expensive
-focusing on space instead of problems on earth, I.e, homelessness
-dangerous

42
Q

give an example of an environmental issue about space

A

-Who is responsible for protecting space environments from altercation?

-Who is responsible for cleaning up space junk, and who should pay for doing it?

43
Q

give an example of an ethical issue involving space exploration

A

-Is it right to spend money on space exploration rather than solving problems on earth?

-Do we have the right to alter materials in space to meet our needs?

-How can we be sure that space resources will be used for the good of humans and not to further the interests of only one nation or group

44
Q

Name a political issue revolving space exploration

A

-who owns space?
-who has the right to use the resources in space?
-Who will determine how space will be used?

45
Q

How does the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram work?

A

stars are ranked from top to bottom in order of brightness and from left to right by temperature, purple on the left meaning increasing then red on the right, meaning decreasing

46
Q

whats a solar sail?

A

a reflective surface designed to use the pressure of solar radiation to propel a spacecraft.

47
Q

whats an ion drive, how does it work?

A

Engines that use Xenon gas that is electrically charged, accelerated, then emitted as exhaust.

48
Q

whats the pro to an ion drive?

A

force generated lasts a very long time and uses very little energy. In space a little amount of force goes a long way. Ion drives may be useful when travelling great distances in space.

49
Q

define space probe?

A

an unmanned exploratory spacecraft designed to transmit information about its environment.

50
Q

whats a space station?

A

a large artificial satellite used as a long-term base for manned operations in space.

51
Q

what did Canada do historically for space research?

A

-in 1839 sir Edward Sabine established the first magnetic observatory in the university of Toronto. He discovered that the aurora borealis was associated with sunspot activity
-in 1962 Canada became the third country to launch a satellite with allouette 1
-when Apollo 11 was going to land on the moon in 1969 the landing gear was built in Canada
-the first Canadian in space was Marc Garneau who was in the space shuttle mission in 1984
-Roberta Bondar was the first Canadian female astronaut to fly on a shuttle mission in 1992
-Canada provided technology for the mars pathfinder mission. It was a Canadian designed ramp that the sojourner rover rolled down in 1997
-In April 2001 Chris Hadfield became the first Canadian to walk in space when he helped deliver Canadarm 2 to the international space station

52
Q

What types of energy do cosmic bodies emit that we can analyze

A

Electromagnetic energy

53
Q

What’s the name of a smaller pattern of star (smaller than constellations)

A

Asterisms

science 9 (5 decks)

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