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Defence > SP1 > Flashcards

SP1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 rapid based approaches to detecting pathogens?

A

→Molecular detection

→Gene targeting

→Genome targeting

→Biomarkers of virulence

→Rapid sequencing

→Future Directions

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2
Q

How many of the mycobacterium genus are obligate human pathogens?

A

→M .tu bercuolssi
→M .elprae
→M. uclerans

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3
Q

What is an example of commensal non pathogen?

A

→Bacterodies thetaoi taomciron

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4
Q

What are the three types of pathogen?

A

→Commensal Non pathogen
→Zoonotic Non pathogen
→Commensal Opportunist

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5
Q

Define pathogen

A

→microbe CAPABLE of causing a specific degree of host damage

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6
Q

What are non sterile sites in the body?

A

→faeces
→mouth
→skin

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7
Q

What types of samples have low pathogen load and what do they require?

A

→ CSF,
→Ascites,
→24 hr Urine

→requires concentration (centrifugation, filtering)

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8
Q

What are the two types of preparation phase?

A

→culture: Enrichment, Purification, Amplification

→direct: concentration and sample treatment

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9
Q

What is a benefit of light microscopy for detection?

A

→no need for DNA

→just need to know what organism looks like

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10
Q

What type of pathogens can be detected by EM?

A

→viruses

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11
Q

Give examples of virus detected by EM?

A

→Rotavirus
→Hepatitis B
→ Tonsillitis
→Rabies

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12
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain and why?

A

→red

→thinner peptidoglycan wall

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13
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria stain and why?

A

→purple

→thicker peptidoglycan wall

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14
Q

Give examples of gram positive bacteria

A

→staphylococci
→streptococci
→Cornynebacterium diphtheriae
→Bacillus anthracis

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15
Q

Give examples of gram negative bacteria

A

→Escherichia coli
→Salmonella
→Shigella
→Helicobacter

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16
Q

Give examples of spore forming bacteria

A

→Bacillus (aerobic)

→Clostridium (anaerobic)

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17
Q

What are advantages of microscopy for detection?

A

→Easy to perform
→Rapid screening
→Some parasites have SPECIFIC morphology
→Specific Immunoflourescence staining possible

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of microscopy for detection?

A

→Not Sensitive
→screening sputum smears requires at least 10,000 orgs per ml to be visualised
→General stains are not specific
→Labour intensive (expensive)

→Requires specialist interpretive expertise (more expensive)

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19
Q

What are the 3 different types of media for culturing?

A

→Non Selective Media
→Semi Selective Media
→Selective growth temperatures

20
Q

Example of non selective media

A

→blood agar

21
Q

Examples of semi selective media

A

→MacConkey Agar, →DCA,

→CLED- Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient

22
Q

Examples of selective growth temperatures

A

→Campylobacter species

23
Q

What is deoxycholate agar?

A

→Selective for Shigella and Salmonella on a faecal sample

→produce colours depending on organism

24
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

→organism that is capable of producing energy through aerobic respiration and then switching back to anaerobic respiration depending on the amounts of oxygen

25
Q

What is characteristic of the ileum?

A

→No oxygen in centre

26
Q

How can gas gangrene be cultured?

A

→Tryptose sulphite cycloserine (TSC) agar
→Black sulphite producing colonies some with lecithinase
→grown in anaerobic conditions

27
Q

What are the selective conditions of campylocbacter?

A

→42°C

→10% CO2

28
Q

What are hemolysins?

A

→lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by disrupting the cell membrane

29
Q

What can be used to detect streptococcus pneumoniae A?

A

→Optochin, antibiotic

→interferes with the ATPase and production of (ATP) in microorganisms

30
Q

What criteria is used to identify bacteria?

A

→Colony morphology,
→Colour, Haemolysis →Colony Count
→Colony Identification →Systematic identification
→Colony Resistance to antibiotics

31
Q

What are two metabolic testing for bacteria?

A

→catalase: E.coli = +ve
Clostridium perfringens –ve

→indole test:E.coli = +ve
Clostridium perfringens –ve

32
Q

What type of tests is used to identify enterobacteriacae?

A

→Metabolic function
→sugar utilisation

→Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli

33
Q

What is phage typing?

A

→uses bacteriophages for detecting and identifying single strains of bacteria

34
Q

What is antibiotic sensitivity testing?

A

→test that determines the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibiotic
→also how resistant a bacteria is to an antibiotic

35
Q

What is minimum inhibitory concentration?

A

→the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism

36
Q

What is the course of testing for food poisoning?

A

→Direct microscopy for cysts/eggs of amoebae or parasites
→MacConkey agar & Deoxycholate agar plates aerobically at 37 degrees
→Identify bacteria by biochemical profiling (API 20E strip)

→Spread on Campy CVA selective media plate- Positive growth (silver grey colonies)

→Gram negative curved rods

37
Q

What does viral culture require?

A

→permissive cell lines

→Kidney epithelial

38
Q

What are the two ways of viral identification visually?

A

→Culture & microscopy

→Direct Antigen Detection eg ELISA

39
Q

How long does viral culture take?

A

→3-10 days

40
Q

How log does repaid ELISA fluA take?

A

→15 mins

41
Q

What is hemagglutinin?

A

→responsible for binding of the virus to cell surface receptors

42
Q

How many types of haemagglutinin?

A

→4 types

43
Q

How many types of neuraaminidase?

A

→enzymes that cleave sialic acid to allow virus to leave cell

44
Q

What are the advantages of culturing?

A

→Cheap simple, reliable reagents →Sensitive
→Validated specificity
→Direct in vivo measurement of effectiveness of therapy
→Easily archived

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of culturing?

A

→Some pathogens cannot be grown
→ Some pathogens cannot be well differentiated by biochemistry alone
→ Some pathogens grow too slowly to aid rapid diagnosis
→Labour intensive (expensive)

→Requires specialist interpretive expertise (more expensive)

46
Q

Example of pathogen that can’t be cultured

A

→mycobacterium

Defence (31 decks)

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